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PLU411S - PRINCIPLES OF ENGLISH LANGUAGES USE - 2ND OPP - JANUARY 2023 |
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nAmlBIA UnlVERSITY
OF SCIEnCE AnD TECHnOLOGY
FACULTY OF COMMERCE; HUMAN SCIENCESAND EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGES
QUALIFICATION: VARIOUS SUBJECTS
QUALIFICATION CODE:
COURSE CODE: PLU411S
LEVEL: 4
COURSE NAME: PRINCIPLESOF ENGLISH
LANGUAGE USE
SESSION: JANUARY 2023
DURATION: 3 HOURS
PAPER: PAPER2
MARKS: 100
SECOND OPPORTUNITY EXAMINATION - QUESTION PAPER
EXAMINER(S) DR. R. NEKONGO
DR. E. ITHINDI
MODERATOR: MR. C. GWASIRA
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read the instructions carefully before answering the questions
2. Answer ALL the questions.
3. Write clearly and neatly.
THIS PAPER CONSISTS OF 9 PAGES {Including this front page)
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SECTION A: READING COMPREHENSION
[30)
Read the following passage and answer all the questions that follow
Control anger before it controls you
1. Anger is "an emotional state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury and
rage," according to Charles Spielberger, PhD, a psychologist who specializes in the study of
anger. Like other emotions, it is accompanied by physiological and biological changes; when
you get angry, your heart rate and blood pressure go up, as do the levels of your energy
hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. Anger can be caused by both external and internal
events. You could be angry at a specific person (such as a coworker or supervisor) or event (a
traffic jam, a canceled flight), or your anger could be caused by worrying or brooding about
your personal problems. Memories of traumatic or enraging events can also trigger angry
feelings.
2. The instinctive, natural way to express anger is to respond aggressively. Anger is a natural,
adaptive response to threats; it inspires powerful, often aggressive, feelings and behaviors,
which allow us to fight and to defend ourselves when we are attacked. A certain amount of
anger, therefore, is necessary to our survival. On the other hand, we can not physically lash
out at every person or object that irritates or annoys us; laws, social norms, and common
sense place limits on how far our anger can take us.
3. People use a variety of both conscious and unconscious processes to deal with their angry
feelings. The three main approaches are expressing, suppressing, and calming. Expressing
your angry feelings in an assertive-not aggressive-manner is the healthiest way to express
anger. To do this, you have to learn how to make clear what your needs are, and how to get
them met, without hurting others. Being assertive does not mean being pushy or demanding;
it means being respectful of yourself and others.
4. Anger can be suppressed, and then converted or redirected. This happens when you hold in
your anger, stop thinking about it, and focus on something positive. The aim is to inhibit or
suppress your anger and convert it into more constructive behavior. The danger in this type
of response is that if it is not allowed outward expression, your anger can turn inward-on
yourself. Anger turned inward may cause hypertension, high blood pressure, or depression.
5. Unexpressed anger can create other problems. It can lead to pathological expressions of
anger, such as passive-aggressive behavior (getting back at people indirectly, without telling
them why, rather than confronting them head-on) or a personality that seems perpetually
cynical and hostile. People who are constantly putting others down, criticizing everything, and
making cynical comments haven't learned how to constructively express their anger. Not
surprisingly, they are not likely to have many successful relationships.
6. Finally, you can calm down inside. This means not just controlling your outward behavior, but
also controlling your internal responses, taking steps to lower your heart rate, calm yourself
down, and let the feelings subside.As Dr. Spielberger notes, "when none of these three
techniques work, that is when someone-or something-is going to get hurt."
7. The goal of anger management is to reduce both your emotional feelings and the physiological
arousal that anger causes. You can not get rid of, or avoid, the things or the people that enrage
you, nor can you change them, but you can learn to control your reactions.
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8. There are psychological tests that measure the intensity of angry feelings, how prone to anger
you are, and how well you handle it. But chances are good that if you do have a problem with
anger, you already know it. If you find yourself acting in ways that seem out of control and
frightening, you might need help finding better ways to deal with this emotion.
9. According to Jerry Deffenbacher, PhD, a psychologist who specializes in anger management,
some people really are more "hotheaded" than others are; they get angry more easily and
more intensely than the average person does. There are also those who do not show their
anger in loud spectacular ways but are chronically irritable and grumpy. Easily angered people
don't always curse and throw things; sometimes they withdraw socially, sulk, or get physically
ill. People who are easily angered generally have what some psychologists call a low tolerance
for frustration, meaning simply that they feel that they should not have to be subjected to
frustration, inconvenience, or annoyance. They can not take things in stride, and they are
particularly infuriated if the situation seems somehow unjust: for example, being corrected
for a minor mistake.
10. What makes these people this way? A number of things. One cause may be genetic or
physiological: There is evidence that some children are born irritable, touchy, and easily
angered, and that these signs are present from a very early age. Another may be sociocultural.
Anger is often regarded as negative; we are taught that it is all right to
express anxiety, depression, or other emotions but not to express anger. As a result, we do
not learn how to handle it or channel it constructively. Research has also found that family
background plays a role. Typically, people who are easily angered come from families that are
disruptive, chaotic, and not skilled at emotional communications.
Adapted from: [https://www.examenglish.com/CAE/cae_reading_use_of_english5.htm]
1. State three things that rise when one is angry.
(3)
2. Mention two specific factors that can cause anger.
(2)
3. According to the passage,what is the best way to express anger?
(2)
4. State one main supporting idea expressed in paragraph 4.
(2)
5. According to the passage, how can anger be managed?
(2)
6. What is the main idea expressed in paragraph 5?
(2)
7. "When none of these three techniques work, that's when someone or something- is
going to get hurt" said Dr. Spielberger. State the three techniques that Dr Spielberger is
referring to.
(3)
8. Apart from cursing and throwing things, state three ways how easily angered people get (3)
affected?
9. According to the passage,the term "hot-headed" (para.9) refers to:
(1)
a. People who can control their anger
b. People who are slow to get angry
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c. People who get angry more easily
d. People who get angry more intensily
e. both C and D
10. According to the passage, what causes easily angered people to be the way they are? (1)
a. Genetic or physiological
b. Sociocultural
c. Family background
d. All of the above
11. What signs are there from a very early age that someone is an easily angered person?(3)
12. Why don't people learn how to handle anger or channel it constructively?
(2)
13. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE
13.1 Anger is totally destructive and there is nothing good about it.
(1)
13.2 Suppressed anger can affect a pers_on'swell-being.
(1)
14. Find words from paragraph 9 that match the following definitions.
(2)
14.1 with extreme force or strength
14.2 be silent,morose,and bad-tempered out of annoyance or disappointment
SECTION B: GRAMMAR
[30]
Read the following passage and answer all the questions that follow
The nature of anger
1. Anger is "an emotional state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury and rage,"
according to Charles Spielberger, PhD,a psychologist who specialises in the study of anger. Like other
emotions, it is accompanied by physiological and biological changes; when you get angry, your heart
rate and blood pressure go up, as do the levels of your energy hormones, adrenaline, and
noradrenaline. Anger can be caused by both external and internal events. You could be angry at a
specific person (such as a coworker or supervisor) or event (a traffic jam, a canceled flight), or your
anger could be caused by worrying or brooding about your personal problems. Memories of traumatic
or enraging events can also trigger angry feelings.
Problem solving
2. Sometimes, our 2.1 anger and frustration are caused by very real and inescapable problems in our
lives. Not all anger is misplaced, and often it is a healthy, natural response to these difficulties. There
is also a cultural belief that every problem has a solution, and it adds to our 2.2 frustration to find out
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that this is not always the case. The best attitude to bring to such a situation, then, is not to focus on
finding the solution, but rather on how you handle and face the problem. Make a plan, and check your
progress along the way. Resolve to give it your best, but also not to punish yourself if an answer does
not come right away. If you can approach it with your best intentions and efforts and make a serious
attempt to face it head-on, you will be less likely to lose patience and fall into all-or-nothing thinking,
even if the problem does not get solved right away.
3. Angry people tend to jump to-and act on-conclusions, and some of those conclusions can be very
inaccurate. The first thing to do if you're in a heated discussion is slow down and think through your
responses. Don not say the first thing that comes into your 2.3 head, but slow down and think carefully
about what you want to say. At the same time, listen carefully to what the other 2.4 person is saying
and take your time before answering. Listen, too, to what is underlying the anger. For instance, you
like a certain amount of freedom and personal space, and your "significant other" wants more
connection and closeness. If he or she starts complaining about your activities, do not retaliate by
painting your partner as a jailer, a warden, or 2.5 chainwheel around your neck. It is natural to get
defensive when you are criticized, but don't fight back. Instead, listen to what's underlying the words:
the messagethat this person might feel neglected and unloved. It may take a lot of patient questioning
on your part, and it may require some breathing space, but do not let your anger-or a partner's-let
a discussion spin out of control. Keeping your cool can keep the situation from becoming a disastrous
one. What these techniques have in common is a refusal to take yourself too seriously. Anger is a
serious emotion, but it is often accompanied by ideas that, if examined, can make you laugh.
4. Sometimes it is our immediate surroundings that give us cause for irritation and fury. Problems
and responsibilities can weigh on you and make you feel angry at the "trap" you seem to have fallen
into and all the people and things that form that trap. Give yourself a break. Make sure you have some
"personal time" scheduled for times of the day that you know are particularly stressful. One example
is the working mother who has a standing rule that when she comes home from work, for the first 15
minutes "nobody talks to Mom unless the house is on fire." After this brief quiet time, she feels better
prepared to handle demands from her kids without blowing up at them.
5. Remember, you can not eliminate anger-and it would not be a good idea if you could. In spite of
all your efforts, things will happen that will cause you anger; and sometimes it will be justifiable anger.
Life will be filled with frustration, pain, loss, and the unpredictable actions of others. You can not
change that; but you can change the way you let such events affect you. Controlling your angry
responses can keeps them from making you even more unhappy in the long run.
Adapted from: [https://www.examenglish.com/CAE/cae_reading_use_of _ english5.htm]
1. Name the highlighted parts of speech as used in the context of the article in paragraph 3. (5)
A. through
B. freedom
C. seriously
D. when
E. laugh
2. Analyse the following words that are underlined and written in bold in paragraphs 2 and 3 and
specify what kind of common nouns they are.
(5)
2.1 anger (para 2)
2.2 frustration (2)
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2.3 head (para 3)
2.4 Person (para 3)
2.5 Chainwheel (3)
3. State the tense of the sentence below as reflected in paragraph 2.
(2)
Not all anger is misplaced, and often it's a healthy, natural response to these difficulties
3.1 Write the sentence referred to in 3 in the following tenses:
3.1.1 Future simple
(2
3.1.2 Present continuous simple
(2)
3.1.3 Past simple
(2)
4. Write the sentence written in bold and italics in paragraph 4 in the following forms:
(Sentence: Sometimes it is our immediate surroundings that give us cause for irritation and
fury.)
4.1 Negative form
(2)
4.2 Question form
(2)
5. For any statement or sentence in English to be correct, the subject verb agreement (rule of
concord) is key. In the following sentences,(a) identify the subject(s) and verbs(s), and (c)
indicate whether the subject and verb agree or disagree (d) indicate the object or if there is
no object clearly state that there is no object.
5.1 Your heart rate goes up when angry.
(4)
a. Subject
b. verb (s)
c. Agree/disagree
d. object
5.2 Controlling your angry responses can keeps them from making you even more unhappy
in the long run.
(4)
a. Subject
b. Verb (s)
c. Agree/disagree
d. Object
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SECTIONC: ESSAYAND PARAGRAPHANALYSIS
[30]
Based on the structure of an academic essay that you were taught in this course, analyse the essay
below and then answer the questions that follow.
How to prevent cancer, by Mayo Clinic Staff
1
B_Are you concerned about cancer prevention?~ You have probably heard conflicting reports
about cancer prevention.~ Sometimes a specific cancer-prevention tip recommended in one study is
advised against in another. Q So, if you are interested in preventing cancer, take charge by making
changes such as eating a healthy diet, being physically fit, and protecting yourself from harmful sun
rays.~ Consider these cancer-prevention tips.
2
Although making healthy selections at the grocery store and at mealtime cannot guarantee
cancer prevention, it might reduce your risk. To begin with, consider eating plenty of fruits and
vegetables. Base your diet on fruits, vegetables and other foods from plant sources, such as whole
grains and beans. Also, if you choose to drink alcohol, do so only in moderation. The risk of various
types of cancer, including cancer of the breast, colon, and liver, increases with the amount of alcohol
you drink and the length of time you have been drinking regularly. Studies indicate how pregnant
women are at a high risk of brain cancer. Furthermore, limit processed meats. A report from the
International Agency for Research on Cancer has concluded that eating large amounts of processed
meat can slightly increase the risk of certain types of cancer.
3
In addition, physical activity counts. While physical activity helps you to control your weight.
It also lowers the risk of breast and colon cancers. Adults who participate in any amount of physical
activity gain some health benefits. However, for substantial health benefits, strive to get at least 150
minutes a week of moderate aerobic activity, or 75 minutes a week of vigorous aerobic activity. You
can also do a combination of moderate and vigorous activity thus, physically activity might lower the
risk of various types of cancer.
4
Lastly, cancer prevention includes protection from the natural sunlight. Firstly, avoid midday
sun. Skin cancer that is caused by the sun is one of the most common kinds of cancer, but it is
preventable. Stay out of the sun between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., when the sun's rays are very strong.
Also, cover exposed areas. Wear tightly woven, loose fitting clothing that covers as much of your skin
as possible. Opt for bright or dark colors, which reflect more ultraviolet radiation than do pastels or
bleached cotton. Then, stay in the shade. When you are outdoors. stay in the shade as much as
possible, sunglasses and a broad-brimmed hat help, too. Natural sunlight can be damaging.
5
B.Often, what is known about cancer prevention is still evolving.~ However, it is well accepted
that your chances of developing cancer are affected by the lifestyle choices you make. Thus, an
unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity and uncontrollable exposure to the sun put you on a collision
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course with cancer. Q_So, if you're interested in preventing cancer. Take comfort in the fact that
simple lifestyle changes can make a difference.
Adapted from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/
1. Which of the sentences numbered A to E in Paragraph 1 is the thesis statement of this essay? (2)
2. Which strategy is used to introduce the topic under discussion in this essay?
(1)
3. Identify and write down an irrelevant sentence in Paragraph 2
(1)
4. Identify any transitional word or phrase that is used to link ideas between paragraphs.
(1)
5. Identify any 3 transitional words that are used to connect ideas within Paragraph 4
(3)
6. Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
6.1 The first sentence that is underlined in Paragraph 2 is
A
The first supporting sentence/evidence
B
a topic sentence.
C
development of the first supporting sentence.
D
the second supporting sentence/evidence.
(1)
6.2 The second sentence that is underlined in Paragraph 2 is
A
the first supporting sentence/evidence.
B
a topic sentence.
C
the second supporting sentence/evidence.
D
the last supporting sentence/evidence.
(1)
7. List three main components of a well-structured body paragraph.
(3)
8. Choose any two supporting ideas presented in Paragraph 2.
(2)
A
How natural sunlight can be damaging
B
Covering exposed areas of the body
C
Staying in the shades
D
Wearing tightly woven, loose fitting clothes
9. What is the function of the sentence "Natural sunlight can be damaging" in Paragraph 4? (1)
10. Identify and write down the following sentence errors in Paragraph 3:
10.1 A sentence fragment
(2)
10.2 A run-on
(2)
11. Rewrite and grammatically correct the sentence identified in question 10.2 above.
(2)
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.\\
12. What type of a sentence error is the sentence underlined and written in bold in Paragraph 5?
Explain how it can be corrected.
(3)
Type of sentence error:
How it can be corrected:
13. The sentence below was taken from Paragraph 3. Rewrite it to indicate clearly the topic and the
controlling idea.
Sentence: Lastly, cancer prevention includes protection from the natural sunlight.
13.1 Topic:
(1)
13.2 Controlling idea
(1)
14. Identify a sentence in Paragraph 5 that best summarises the ideas presented in the essay above.
The sentences are numbered A- D; thus, write only the letter of the correct answer.
(2)
15. Among the three types of essays that were taught in this course, what type is the essay above?
(1)
SECTION D: PARAGRAPH WRITING
[10]
Imagine you are writing a complete essay. Choose any one of the prompts hereunder and write a body
paragraph of about 100-150 words. Pay attention to structure, coherence, punctuation, and language.
Begin the paragraph with a clear and suitable topic sentence. NB: Do not write a complete essay.
1. Social media is a successful influencer. Discussyour views.
2. Life is such a great teacher.
3. A lie I will never forget.
4. The most interesting movie I have ever watched. Explain why you consider that movie to be
the most interesting.
5. Education is the greatest equaliser.
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