 |
EPR511S - ENGLISH IN PRACTICE - 1ST OPP - NOVEMBER 2023 |
|
|
1 Page 1 |
▲back to top |
nAm I BI A u n IVERS ITY
OF SCIEnCE Ano TECHn OLOGY
FACULTYOF COMMERCE,HUMAN SCIENCESAND EDUCATION
DEPARTMENTOF COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGES
QUALIFICATION: VARIOUS
QUALIFICATIONCODE: VARIOUS
LEVEL:5
COURSECODE: EPRSllS
COURSENAME: ENGLISHIN PRACTICE
SESSION:NOVEMBER2023
DURATION: 3 HOURS
PAPER:READINGAND DIRECTEDWRITING
MARKS: 100
FIRSTOPPORTUNITYEXAMINATION QUESTIONPAPER
EXAMINER{S) DR.J. INDONGO
MST. KAVIHUHA
MSC. BOTES
MODERATOR: MST. KANIME
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Answer ALLthe questions.
2. Read all the questions carefully before answering.
3. Number the answers clearly
THIS QUESTION PAPERCONSISTSOF 8 PAGES(Including this front page)
|
|
2 Page 2 |
▲back to top |
Section A: Reading Comprehension
[30)
Read the passage below and then answer the questions that follow.
The Coming Green Hydrogen Revolution
By JEANBADERSCHNEIDER
1. Human-induced climate change is causing dangerous and widespread environmental disruption and
affecting the lives of billions of people around the world. According to the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC),the world faces unavoidable climate hazards over the next two decades.
But, with average annual global greenhouse-gas emissions reaching their highest levels in human
history between 2010 and 2019, we are simply not doing enough to limit global warming to 1.5°
Celsius.
2. The IPCCreport released in April recommended that the world rapidly reduce fossil-fuel supply and
demand between now and 2050: by 95% in the case of coal, 60% for oil, and 45% for natural gas. But
how can we possibly achieve such ambitious targets? The answer is by switching to green hydrogen,
which can be produced from all forms of renewable energy, including solar, wind, hydro, and
geothermal. Green hydrogen is a zero-emissions fuel; when produced through electrolysis, the only
"emission" is water. It is a practical and implementable solution that, by democratizing energy,
decarbonizing heavy industry, and creating jobs globally, would help revolutionize the way we power
our planet.
3. A rapid acceleration of the green-energy transition can also fundamentally alter the geopolitical
landscape, since countries will no longer be powerful simply because of the fossil fuels they produce.
In 2021, Russia provided 34% of Germany's crude oil and 53% of the hard coal used by German power
generators and steelmakers. Russian-piped natural gas was Germany's largest source of gas imports
in December 2021, accounting for 32% of supply. Since Russian President Vladimir Putin launched his
horrific, unjust war in Ukraine in February, fossil-fuel exports to Europe have been earning Russia
roughly $1 billion a day.
4. But since the start of the invasion in February, European Union countries in particular have moved
quickly to reduce their energy dependence on Russia,recently agreeing to ban all seaborne imports of
Russianoil. These new sanctions against Putin's war machine could cut the amount of oil the EU buys
from Russiaby 90% this year. The United States has declared a complete ban on Russian oil, gas, and
coal imports, while the United Kingdom is phasing out imports of Russianoil by the end of 2022. These
policies have sent fuel prices soaring. But sharply higher prices have also highlighted the opportunity
to drive down energy costs by investing in renewables and the production of green hydrogen.
5. New research suggests that green hydrogen will be competitive with fossil fuels over the next
decade. The cost of green hydrogen is expected to decline significantly by 2025 and to fall to $1 per
kilogram by 2030 in favorable locations such as Australia. For comparison, green hydrogen, which is
made using polluting liquefied natural gas, currently costs around $2 per kilogram. Some advocate
using LNG to "solve" the current energy-security crisis, but "natural gas" contains methane, and the
IPCCsays that we must reduce use of natural gas by almost 45% by 2050; adding more to the energy
mix now would be a catastrophic mistake.
6. So, there is now a global race for green energy, and specifically for green hydrogen. Dozens of
countries that have abundant renewable-energy sources can develop energy independence by
|
|
3 Page 3 |
▲back to top |
producing green hydrogen at scale. And energy importers will not have to rely only on the few
countries (such as Russia) that have a natural endowment of fossil fuels.
7. In a recent report, the International Renewable Energy Agency said that (green) hydrogen can
bolster energy security in three main ways: by reducing import dependence, mitigating price volatility,
and boosting energy systems' flexibility and resilience through diversification. As technologies
improve, the cost of green hydrogen will fall. We must do everything we can to accelerate this process.
Companies like Fortescue, where Baderschneider is a board director, are investing significantly in
green hydrogen and will help to replace Russian fossil fuels with green energy. Fortescue recently
announced an agreement with Germany's largest energy distributor, E.ON,to supply Europe with five
million tons of green hydrogen a year by 2030 - the equivalent of one-third of the calorific value of
the energy that Germany currently imports from Russia.
8. But while rapid changes in the energy and geopolitical landscape present a clear opportunity to
address the energy and climate crises simultaneously by investing in green energy, there is a clear
perception of unfairness when developed countries claim that relatively low-emitting developing
economies need to shut down fossil-fuel use. Why should they risk slowing their development to
address a problem they played no part in causing? It's a valid question. Policymakers will need to
account for developing countries' interests during the green transition and enhance funding and
incentives for them to move to clean energy as the basis of industrialization.
9. The world is clearly at a fork in the road. We can remain locked into a costly, polluting future that is
hideously inefficient and empowers only a handful of fossil-fuel-rich countries. Alternatively, we can
choose a green revolution of low-cost energy for all that keeps our future secure from pollution, global
warming, and dictators. Given that green energy has the power to democratize global supply as more
countries achieve energy independence, the choice is not difficult.
(source:https://www.project-syndicate.org/)
1. Explain why, in paragraph 1, climate change is referred to as "human-induced climate
change"?
(2)
2. When will the world face unfavourable climate change, according to the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)?
(2)
3. Why does the author claim in the text that people are not doing enough to limit
global warming to 1.5° Celsius?
(2)
4. According to the text, what is the recommendation of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)regarding fossil fuel supply?
(2)
5. According to the text, mention four forms where green hydrogen can be produced
from.
(4)
6. Explain why green hydrogen is safe, as mentioned in the text.
(2)
7. How can green hydrogen production change the geopolitical situation in the world?
(2)
8. Explain why the European Union countries agreed to sanction Russia against Russian
oil imports.
(2)
|
|
4 Page 4 |
▲back to top |
9. Give one advantage that resulted from an increase in oil prices after several countries
banned Russian oil.
(2)
10. According to the text, what are the findings of the recent studies regarding green
hydrogen?
(2)
11. Mention three ways, according to the International Renewable Energy Agency report,
in which green hydrogen can bolster energy security.
(3)
12. Vocabulary
(5)
For each of the terms below, choose the explanation that best describes the word as
used in the passage from the list given below the words. Write down only the letter
of the meaning of your choice next to the word.
1. Acceleration (paragraph 3)
2. Seaborne (paragraph 4)
3. Catastrophic (paragraph 5)
4. Diversification (paragraph 7)
5. Democratize (paragraph 9)
A) an increase in the variety
B) carried on by oversea shipping
C) happening more quickly
D) causing sudden great damage
E) make it available to all countries
Section B: Grammar
(30]
Read the article below and answer all the questions that follow.
Green Hydrogen: Is It a Solution for Net Zero Emission Need of Our Planet?
1. Green hydrogen (i) to be) hydrogen generated from renewable sources of energy. In a far-sighted
move, India ii) has/had launched an ambitious Hydrogen Mission in August 2021 and further the
Indian government announced the Green Hydrogen Policy in February 2022. In this article, Lata
Vishwanath says that production of clean/green hydrogen gas is being seen as the answer to climate
change mitigation in the decades to come. Because of its vital role in oil and gas industry, refineries,
fertilizers, and a host of other applications as an energy carrier the world can be made less dependent
on fossil fuels. Producing green hydrogen is costly.
2. Following the launch of National Hydrogen mission in August 2021, the Indian government (iii) to
announce) Green Hydrogen policy in February 2022. The policy for meeting the decarbonization goals
towards net zero emissions by 2050 is in line with the UN climate targets of capping the earth's
temperature to 1.5°C as (iv) to pledge) by India and other countries at COP26 summit in Glasgow in
November 2021.
|
|
5 Page 5 |
▲back to top |
3. The policy (v) come) with a host of benefits for industry leaders keen to install green hydrogen
plants and (vi) to develop) its value chain. As the Indian government's policies worked in favour of
renewable energy sector to develop over the last decade, the following decades (vii) to be) expected
to see green hydrogen becoming the key driver to the nation's economy and to the rest of the world.
1. Change the verbs in bold, numbered (i) to (viii) in the text into the correct verb tense.
(7)
2. Identify and write down one example of the following from paragraph 1:
(4)
(i) a present participle
(ii) a gerund
(iii) an infinitive
(iv) a past participle
3. Identify whether the sentences below are in the active or passive voice.
(4)
(i) Hydrogen was looked at as a light and highly flammable gas by researchers.
(ii) Scientist finds the key use of hydrogen in rocket and space industry.
(iii) Some people are questioning the reliability of green hydrogen.
(iv) Hydrogen is discovered as a colourless gas by recent studies.
4. Write the sentences in question 3 above in the opposite voice.
(4)
5. Write the following sentence in reported speech.
(5)
Jennifer said: "I believe if policymakers and business leaders provide decisive support of the
market, green hydrogen can outcompete carbon-intensive hydrogen production this year."
6.1. Identity the type of conditional used in the following sentence.
(2)
If the plan for hydrogen mission is met, India will save USD30-40 billion annually.
6.2. Change the sentence at 6.1 into:
(i) a second conditional
(2)
(ii) a third conditional
(2)
Section C: Critical Reading
30
How to build a career as a social media influencer
1. Influencers are individuals who have built a reliable reputation as experts in a specific industry. They
are outgoing people who feel comfortable in sharing personal life details with others, and have a
sizable fan base across various social media platforms and significantly impact the daily decisions of
their audience. Customers are more likely to trust influencers than personalized commercials since
they can more easily relate to the lifestyles of these influencers. As a result, influencers are frequently
engaged nowadays to promote various goods and services to aid businesses in increasing their
income.
|
|
6 Page 6 |
▲back to top |
2. In the last five years, social media marketing has experienced a tremendous growth in popularity.
Today, more users are engaged with social media platforms as they continue to tailor their offers to
suit users' interests and tastes, providing a massive pool of potential advocates for marketers to tap
into. Even a nano or micro influencer (having 1500+ followers) can earn over 50-70k thousand rupees
in a month. To succeed as a social media influencer, one must be imaginative, educated, engaging,
and trustworthy. And last but not least to be able to bear different comments and opinions that are
easily thrown on the person in the social media space. Here are some guidelines for becoming a social
media influencer.
3. Choosing your niche before beginning your journey toward influencer status is essential for which
you are passionate and can consistently produce content. To become an influencer, you should have
some experience in the subject. It is crucial to select a hobby or occupation that you are enthusiastic
about and will enjoy spending time on. You need to figure your interests to select a niche, whether it
is making homemade crafts or cooking new recipes.
4. Influencers need to generate material that their followers enjoy. For their followers to continue to
be interested in and support them, the information must be of the highest calibre and be jam-packed
with value. By selecting the objectives and the kind of material that will help in achieving them,
influencers can plan their social media marketing strategy. To get the most significant audience
interaction, plan how frequently and when the influencer should post on each network to get the most
significant audience interaction. Learn from successful experts in your niche and unleash your
creativity. Videos, like many other trends, assist influencers in forging stronger bonds with their target
audience. In a time when you only have three seconds to capture someone's attention, the content
must be delivered to the audience in a light-hearted, interesting way. It gives the impression that the
followers are learning more about a creator, and influencers are constantly attempting to build this
relationship. By sharing the content, they engage readers by evoking positive feelings and motivating
them to read for a longer time.
5. Before creating content and spreading it across social media, you must comprehend your target
audience. Influencers exert control over their audiences and develop strong bonds with them. This is
because they only serve clients with comparable interests within a particular industry. Knowing your
audience and serving them well will help you build a loyal following if you want to be an influencer.
To learn more about the demographics and interests of the audience, you may start by looking at your
current following and following the influencers in the similar niche. For example, a "mum influencer"
could be interested in understanding more about the audience of some parenting companies, apps,
or beauty influencers as well.
6. After deciding the kinds of information you'll publish, you need to decide on a publishing schedule
and regularity. The algorithms of the majority of social media networks favor an account with frequent
posts. The social media platforms require regular updating to gain more visibility. You can charge on
a daily, weekly, or any other schedule that feels suitable to you. Before choosing it, you also need to
take the platform into account. You need to publish more frequently on other of these platforms to
establish yourself as an influencer. Most platforms promote the content to attract more views and
followers during the first few hours after you publish it. Therefore, the key is to determine the ideal
time for involvement. While it is noted that Sunday is a relatively low day in terms of engagement
since individuals typically hang out with their friends throughout the weekend instead of looking
through their social media feeds. However, lunch and evening time are reported to be the most active
time during the weekdays. Plan the day and timing of your post to gain an initial boost for your content
by checking statistics to determine when your audience responds the most.
|
|
7 Page 7 |
▲back to top |
7. Increase your following by working together with other well-known influencers in your area.
Working with them can help reveal your content to various audiences on social media and increase
traffic to your profiles. Some famous personalities on social media have a sizable following. You can
boost your chances of success by doing interviews with or reporting the tales of influencers. Once
you've tagged them, they'll probably share the content with their audience on their profiles as well.
With the rise of social media over the past ten years, many people consider this industry their ideal
career. Being a well-known public figure is not only a pastime for some people; it is also their full-time
job. Being an influencer on social media requires passion, creativity, and an understanding on how to
build long-lasting relationships with the audience. An essential component of the procedure is taking
the appropriate precautions to prevent common errors made by beginners. You need to be original
and creative in this line of work to stand out and garner a loyal following. The aforementioned tips will
improve your chances of developing a successful influencer job.
(Source: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/)
1.
Who is the intended audience?
(2)
a)
Business people
b)
Policy makers
c)
Aspiring influencers
d)
Celebrities
2.
What is the tone of the article?
(2)
a)
Critical
b)
Persuasive
c)
Dismissive
d)
Informative
3.
What can be inferred from this statement is "be able to bear different comments and
opinions that are easily thrown at the person in the social media space(paragraph 2). (2)
a)
It is complicated and difficult to be an influencer.
b)
One must be imaginative, educated, engaging, and trustworthy.
c)
Influencers are outgoing people who feel comfortable sharing personal life details.
d)
Emotional intelligence and maturity are necessary to become an influencer.
4.
It is stated in paragraph 3 that "choosing your niche before beginning your journey towards
influencer status is essential for which you are passionate and can consistently produce
content. (2)
a)
To justify that, one needs to be trustworthy to be an influencer.
b)
To explain that influencers are frequently engaged nowadays to promote various
goods and services
c)
To explain, one should have some experience in the subject.
|
|
8 Page 8 |
▲back to top |
d)
to emphasize the vitality of being aware of self-interest before being an influencer.
5.
What conclusion can be drawn from paragraph 5?
(2)
a)
Audience awareness is key to successful influence.
b)
Influencers exert control over their audiences and develop strong bonds with them.
c)
Influencers serve clients with comparable interests within a particular industry.
d)
Take the appropriate precautions to prevent common errors.
Question 2
(20)
Read the article entitle 'How to build a career as a social media influencer' and write a summary
about tips on how to become a successful influencer. Your summary should not be more than 200
words