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CNH710S - CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE MANAGMENT - 1ST OPP - JUNE 2024 |
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n Am I 8 I A Un IVE RSITV
OF SCIEnCE Ano TECHnOLOGY
FACULTY OF COMMERCE, HUMAN SCIENCESAND EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM
QUALIFICATION: BACHELOR OF TOURISM, INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT
QUALIFICATION CODE: 07BITD
LEVEL: 7
COURSE CODE: CNH710S
COURSE NAME: CULTURALAND NATURAL
HERITAGE MANAGEMENT
SESSION: JUNE 2024
DURATION: 2 HOURS
PAPER: THEORY (PAPER 1)
MARKS: 100
FIRST OPPORTUNITY EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER
EXAMINER(S) DR. ISOBELMANUEL
MODERATOR: MR. TIMOTUES NUUGULU
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Answer ALL the questions.
2. When writing take the following into account. The style
should inform than impress, it should be formal, in third
person, paragraphs set out according to ideas or issues and
the paragraphs flowing in a logical order. Information
provided should be brief and accurate.
3. Please ensure that your writing is legible, neat and
presentable.
THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF_ 4_ PAGES (Including this front page)
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Question 1:
1. Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow.
[20)
Nakama ls are traditional meeting places for Chiefs and other community leaders in Vanuatu and
play a significant role in accommodating the functions for customary court sessions and
ceremonies. In the true sense of the word, the nakamal means 'the house of men' and is a long
building whose different compartments symbolize the main divisions in rank or status. The
nakamal is usually the most significant building in a village, and today provides space for broader
community activities.
These community activities include much of the transmission of communal knowledge - so
nakamals are both the expression and the forum of much of the community's most important
intangible cultural heritage. It is usually constructed from local building materials using traditional
construction techniques. Because of their design (with the roof usually reaching the ground level),
they can withstand high winds and cyclonic conditions, providing enhanced protection from
cyclonic winds.
UNESCOhas supported the region in preserving traditional architecture, including a project in
Vanuatu aimed at documenting best safeguarding practices to encourage the revitalization of
indigenous building skills and ensure the continued existence of nakamals as a disaster risk
mitigation measure. The project has contributed to social cohesion and sustainable development
within the indigenous community of Vanuatu and has increased awareness of the cultural
significance of these buildings.
Nakamals are traditional meeting places for Chiefs and other community leaders in Vanuatu and
play a significant role in kastom (custom/culture) in Vanuatu. The nakamal traditionally is the most
significant building in the village, accommodating the functions for kastom governance, kastom
court and other kastom ceremonies. It forms a valuable core of any village society to maintain
peace and unity, and thus serves to echo SDG 11 in making human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient, and sustainable, as well as SDG 16 promoting peace, justice, and strong institutions. It
also echoes SDG 12 on responsible consumption and production through its sustainable use of
locally found materials in its construction,
The important role that local knowledge can play in improving disaster preparedness and
mitigation is increasingly recognized by specialists, particularly since the 2004 Indian Ocean
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tsunami. This is echoed in SDG 13 which, among other things, aims to strengthen resilience and
adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters.
The viability of nakamals and nimaletens is facing several ~hallenges including the proliferation of
imported building materials and construction techniques, a lack of recognition of the value of this
heritage by both communities and policymakers, the shortage of raw materials and lack of
resources required to renovate or reconstruct.
Research exists on questions such as indigenous concerns about self-reliance, cultural continuity,
and looking at the impact and implications of the transition to a cash economy, of Western
education and lifestyles and rural-urban migration on traditional knowledge relating to weather
and climate observations.
1.1. How can communities safeguard their traditional knowledge in a dynamic way, responding to
changing environments and adapting accordingly?
(10)
1.2. What are the challenges faced by indigenous communities in safeguarding traditional
knowledge and practices? Use relevant examples of such communities to explain your answer.
(10)
Question 2:
[10]
2.1. Discussthe challenges associated with managing cultural and natural heritage sites in Namibia.
(5)
2.2. Briefly explain how the above-mentioned challenges can be mitigated?
(5)
Question 3:
[14]
3.1. Describe the importance of community engagement in heritage management.
(7)
3.2. Provide examples of how local communities can contribute to the preservation and sustainable
use of cultural and natural heritage?
(7)
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Question 4:
[12)
World Heritage Sites are important to a country as it promotes the country to a wider audience.
UNESCO'sWorld Heritage List was formulated to keep record of the heritage sites of significant
importance.
4.1. To what extent does the role of UNESCOWorld Heritage List play in preservation of the sites and
what benefits it has for the sites that are on the list?
Question 5:
[12)
There has been conflicting academic discourse as to what constitutes heritage and history.
In your own understanding what is the major differences and similarities which exist between
heritage and history.
Question 6:
[12)
The National Heritage Council (NHC) is a statutory organization of the government of Namibia
established under the National Heritage Act, No 27 of 2004. The Institution has been in existence
since 2005 when it replaced the National Monuments Council.
Discuss the core functions of the NHC.
Question 7
[20)
By explaining your understanding around key cultural and natural heritage principles, use practical
examples to define the following terms:
7.1 Folklore
(4)
7.2 Botany
(4)
7.3 Intangible Heritage
(4)
7.4 The Namibian Heritage Register
(4)
7.5 1972 UNESCOConvention on Tangible Heritage
(4)
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Question 7
(20)
By explaining your understanding around key cultural and natural heritage principles, use practical
examples to define the following terms:
7.1 Folklore
(4)
Folklore encompasses the traditional beliefs, customs, stories, songs, dances, and practices passed
down orally within a community over generations. It is a rich and diverse expression of a culture's
collective identity, reflecting its history, values, beliefs, and social norms. Folklore often serves as a
means of preserving and transmitting cultural heritage, connecting individuals to their ancestors and
the natural world.
7.2 Botany
(4)
Botany is the scientific study.of plants, encompassing their structure, function, classification, evolution,
ecology, and interactions with the environment. It is a branch of biology that examines all aspects of
plant life, from the molecular and cellular level to the ecosystem level. Boabeb Tree and Botanical
Garden in Windhoek
7.3 Intangible Heritage
(4)
Intangible heritage refers to the living expressions and practices that are inherited from our ancestors
and passed down to future generations. Unlike tangible heritage, which includes physical objects and
monuments, intangible heritage encompasses cultural traditions, knowledge, skills, languages, rituals,
performing arts, social practices, and oral traditions. It is deeply rooted in communities and plays a
significant role in shaping their identity, values, and sense of belonging.
7.4 The Namibian Heritage Register
(4)
It was created through the National Heritage Act, (Act Number 27 of 2004), which is an Act of
Parliament, mandated "to provide for the protection and conservation of places and objects of heritage
significance and the registration of such places and objects; to establish a National Heritage Council
7.5 1972 UNESCOConvention on Tangible Heritage
(4)
The 1972 UNESCOConvention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage,
commonly known as the World Heritage Convention, is an international treaty adopted by the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO}in 1972. The convention aims to
identify, preserve, and protect cultural and natural heritage sites of outstanding universal value for the
benefit of humanity.