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ANP611S- ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY - 2ND Opp - JULY 2022 |
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nAmI BI A unIVE RSITV
OFSCIEnCE Ano TECHnoLOGY
Faculty of Health, Applied Sciences and Natural Resources
Department of Health Sciences
QUALIFICATION: BACHELOROF MEDICAL LABORATORYSCIENCES
QUALIFICATIONCODE: 08BMLS
LEVEL:7
COURSE: ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY
COURSECODE: ANP611S
DATE: JULY2022
SESSION: THEORY
DURATION: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100
SUPPLEMENTARY/ SECONDOPPORTUNITYEXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER
EXAMINER(S) Ms Roselin Tsauses
MODERATOR: Ms Vanessa Tjijenda
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Answer all questions.
2. Please write neatly and legibly.
3. Do not use the left side margin of the exam paper. This must be allowed for the
examiner.
4. No books, notes and other additional aids are allowed.
5. Mark all answers clearly with their respective question numbers.
Permissable material
Non programmable calculator is allowed.
THIS QUESTION PAPERCONSISTSOF 4 PAGES(Excluding this front page)
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Section A ( 10 marks)
Question 1
[10]
1. Evaluate the statements in each numbered section and select the
most appropriate answer. Correct each false statement.
(Two (2) marks are allocated for each false statement and one
(1) mark is allocated for each true statement.)
1.1 Phenols are a type of disinfectants used for viruses, frozen section
equipment like cryostats and safety cabinets.
a) True
b) False, aldehydes.
1.2 Un-neutralized formalin may not be disposed down the drain.
a) True
b) False
1.3 All pieces of tissue to be discarded should be collected in red bags,
however, should not be incinerated.
a) True
b) False
1.4 Explosive chemicals are not common in histology.
a) True
b) False
1.5 MSDS stands for Medical Safety Data Sheet.
a) True
b) False, stands for Materials Safety Data Sheet.
1.6 Always add acid slowly to water when making solutions.
a) True
b) False
1.7 Acid spills should first be neutralised with a stronger alkali e.g.,
sodium bicarbonate or soda ash.
a) True
b) False
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Section B (30 marks)
Question 2
[20]
2.1 Fixation is a "two-fold" process. Explain the meaning behind this
statement.
(4)
2.2 Discuss six (6) factors that effects the speed and effectiveness of
fixation.
(12)
2.3 Explain formalin as the cause and effect of the key artefacts that
can occur due to fixation under the following headings:
2.3.1 Appearance
(1)
2.3.2 Cause
(1)
2.3.3 Solution
(1)
2.3.4 Prevention
(1)
Question 3
[10]
3.1 Define decalcification and give two (2) examples of tissue that may
require to be calcified during grossing.
(3)
3.2 Name three (3) factors that can affect the rate of decalcification of
tissue.
(3)
3.3 Briefly discuss three (3) advantages of using chelating agents for
decalcification of tissue and give one (1) example of a chelating
agent.
(4)
Section C (31 marks)
Question 4
4.1 Demonstrate your understanding of histological steps involved in
preparing a tissue sample by:
[20]
4.1.1 Illustrating.§!!! the steps in the correct sequence, starting from
fixation.
(9)
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4.1.2 Extracting the steps that form part of tissue processing from your
answer in question 4.1.1.
(5)
4.2 Compare and contrast the three (3) advantages and three (3)
disadvantages of automated and manual tissue processing.
Present your answer in a table.
(6)
Question 5
[11]
5.1 What is the significance of dehydrating tissue samples slowly?
Explain how this is achieved.
(6)
5.2 Name at least four (4) dehydrating agents and identify the one that
is commonly used in histopathology.
(5)
Section D (29 marks)
Question 6
6.1 Name five (5) factors prohibiting stains from being taken up into
every part of the tissue?
[17]
(5)
6.2 What is the difference between progressive and regressive
staining?
(2)
6.3 Discuss five (5) histology classification of dyes. Give a relevant
example of each.
(10)
Question 7
7.1 Troubleshoot the following problems relating to hematoxylin and
eosin (H & E) stains. For each problem identify the cause and
propose a solution.
[12]
7.1.1 Difficulty bringing some areas of tissue on focus with light
(2)
microscopy.
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7.1.2 Nuclei overstained - hematoxylin too dark.
(2)
7.1.3 Nuclei too pale - hematoxylin too light.
(2)
7.2 Describe three (3) types of staining artefacts in histopathology.
(6)
Good luck!
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7.3 Discuss five (5) uses of frozen sections in histology.
(5)
Good luck!
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