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IEM621S - INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT - 2ND OPP - JAN 2020 |
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NAMIBIA UNIVERSITY
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND SPATIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND SPATIAL PLANNING
QUALIFICATION
QUALIFICATION CODE:
COURSE CODE:
NQF LEVEL:
SESSION:
DURATION:
BACHELOR OF REGIONAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
0O7BRAR
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IEM621S
COURSE NAME:
MANAGEMENT
6
NQF CREDITS:
12
January 2020
3 HOURS
PAPER:
MARKS:
THEORY
100
SUPPLEMENTARY/SECOND OPPORTUNITY EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER
EXAMINER(S) | Mr. Cyrlius Tjipetekera
MODERATOR: | Dr. M. Hauptfleisch
Answer ALL the questions
Write clearly and legibly
Number the answers clearly
Do not forget to write your Student Number on the Answer Book(s)
THIS EXAM PAPER CONSISTS OF 4 PAGES (Including this front page)
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Integrated Environmental Management
Question 1
IEM621S
a)
What do you understand by the term Global Change?
(2)
b) Why do you, a future Regional and Rural Development Planner, have to study and be able to
(4)
apply the Namibian Environmental Management Act and its Regulations?
[6]
Question 2
Compare the approaches and levels of decision-making between a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
done for a proposed national policy to promote diamond mining in the southern Namibia, and an
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) done for the construction of a tarred road leading to one of the (8)
diamond mines in the southern Namibia.
[8]
Question 3
a)
Explain the role of public participation (‘stakeholder engagement’) in an environmental impact
assessment.
(12)
b) Outline the four steps that are followed when one is carrying out a waste audit and explain briefly what (8)
each step represents?
[20]
Question 4
a) Give your opinion on the importance of information and knowledge sharing for good environmental
management/practice.
(4)
b) Distinguish between baseline monitoring, impacts monitoring and compliance monitoring.
(6)
[10]
Second/Supplementary Opportunity Examination Question Paper
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January 2020
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Integrated Environmental Management
IEM621S
Question 5
You want to buy a new stove and have narrowed down the options to three comparable stoves, with the
following labels:
7* * (
ENERGY
RATING
A
ENERGY
RATING
ENERGY
RATING
a) What type of label is this?
b) What are the advantages of this type of labelling for manufacturers?
(3)
Cc)
Which stove would you choose, if you are concerned about the environment?
Justify your answer.
(3)
d) You also want to buy wooden furniture and find some with the logo of the Forestry
©
Stewardship Council. What does this logo signify?
FSC
(3)
[10]
Question 6
a)
Name seven (7) actions that Namibia must undertake to capitalize on eco-labelling?
(7)
b) The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response Model (DPSIR) is a useful tool when measuring the
pressures and stresses exerted on the natural resources. Using the DPSIR model construct a real-life
(10)
scenario that reflect all the components of the DPSIR model.
[17]
Second/Supplementary Opportunity Examination Question Paper
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January 2020
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Integrated Environmental Management
IEM621S
Question 7
a)
Outline each step in the life cycle of a pair of blue denim jeans, from growing the cotton until the (7)
point where you buy the jeans.
b)
Describe five (3) negative environmental impacts associated with this part of the product’s life cycle. (3)
c)
Propose five (5) mitigation measures to minimise the negative environmental impacts that you have
described in Q 7 (b).
(5)
[15]
Question 8
Scenario: The diagram below represents a fragmented landscape in Kavango East Region, where logging
(cutting of timber) has caused deforestation. You are the team leader of a restoration project.
Access roads
—
[eS] pores
[| Cleared land
a)
Explain why fragmentation of any natural landscape is an ecological problem.
(4)
b)
How would you go about treating the causes — rather than the symptoms — of degradation
(fragmentation) in this specific case?
(3)
c)
Why is it necessary to provide linkages in a landscape?
(4)
d)
How could you achieve such linkages in practice, for this particular scenario?
(3)
[14]
TOTAL: 100
Second/Supplementary Opportunity Examination Question Paper
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January 2020
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NAMIBIA UNIVERSITY
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND SPATIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND SPATIAL PLANNING
QUALIFICATION :
QUALIFICATION CODE:
BACHELOR OF REGIONAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
0O7BRAR
COURSE CODE:
IEM621S
COURSE NAME:
NTRS MEO NMENTAL
NQF LEVEL:
SESSION:
DURATION:
6
January 2020
3 HOURS
NQF CREDITS:
PAPER:
MARKS:
12
THEORY
100
SUPPLEMENTARY / SECOND OPPORTUNITY MEMORANDUM
EXAMINER(S) | Mr. Cyrlius Tjipetekera
MODERATOR: | Dr. M. Hauptfleisch
The model answers are used as guidelines only.
The information presented by the students will be evaluated on merit.
THIS MEMORANDUM CONSISTS OF 9 PAGES (Including this front page)
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Integrated Environmental Management
IEM621S
Question 1
What do you understand by the term Global Change?
(2)
Planetary-scale changes in the earth system, natural cycles and processes and includes large-scale
changes in human society. VV
Why do you, a future Regional and Rural Development Planner, have to study and be able to
apply the Namibian Environmental Management Act and its Regulations?
Must indicate understanding that economy should not be the only consideration when — embarking
on some development activity. The role of government (legislation & institutional support) in
safeguarding the environment and ensuring sustainable developmentv. Mention principles of good
environmental practicev. The legal requirement for EIAs for listed activities, and the Regulations contain
the (current) listed activitiesvV. Mention roles of MET and Environmental Commissioner, Sustainable
Development Advisory Committee, etc.) Vv.
Question 2
Compare the approaches and levels of decision-making between a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
done for a proposed national policy to promote diamond mining in the southern Namibia, and an
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) done for the construction of a tarred road leading to one of the (8)
diamond mines in the southern Namibia.
Strategic Environmental Assessment:
o Aformal process of systematic analysis of the environmental effects of the development legislation,
policies, plans, programmes, and other proposed strategic actions (holistic view & assesses
cumulative impacts). V
SEA is part of a tiered approach to environmental assessment and management and operates at a
higher, broader, strategic level. v
It is pro-active / is done early in the decision-making process, broad and meant to advise
strategically on formulation of legislation, policies and programmes when major alternative
scenarios are still open. V
SEA is determined by the concept of sustainability and includes the concepts of precaution and
continuous (incremental) improvement. Vv
It identifies the opportunities and constraints which the environment places on the development
of plans and programmes; V
It sets the criteria for levels of environmental quality or limits of acceptable changes;
It gives early warning of potential cumulative effects; v
It is a flexible process which is adaptable to the planning and sectoral development cycle; Vv
The scope of an SEA is defined within the wider context of environmental processes; V
(any 4 answers above, or similar arguments)
Environmental Impact Assessment:
o An EIA is done in reaction to a development proposal; Vv
o It is an assessment of the possible positive or negative impacts that a proposed project may have
on the natural, socio-economic environment. V
0 Itisa process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other
Second/Supplementary Opportunity Memorandum
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Integrated Environmental Management
IEM621S
relevant effects of a development proposal prior to major decisions being taken and commitments
made. Vv
The systematic, reproducible and interdisciplinary identification, prediction and evaluation,
mitigation and management of impacts from a proposed development and its reasonable
alternatives. V
An EIA draws together, in a systematic way, an assessment of a project's likely significant
environmental, socio-economic effects. V
It ensures that the importance of the predicted effects, and the scope for reducing them, are
properly understood by the public and the relevant competent authority before it makes its decision.
Vv
It is meant to ensure that decision makers consider the ensuing environmental impacts to decide
whether to proceed with a project. V
It considers a limited number of feasible alternatives, especially in design of the project.
It is limited in its consideration of cumulative effects.
EIA is a legislative requirement for certain activities.
It ensures practical mitigation measures.
Question 3
a) Explain the role of public participation (‘stakeholder engagement’) in an environmental impact
assessment.
To allow expression of concerns about possible adverse effects. V
To help allay fears created by lack of information. Vv
To enable public to understand how conclusions have been reached. Vv
To inform public on the substantive issues; allows them to form their own, informed judgments
on the significance of the environmental issues. V
To improve communication between stakeholders. Vv
To raise awareness, educate and increase understanding between stakeholders; V
To assist in identifying key issues of concern that need to be considered; V
To raise a diversity of opinions and perspectives and obtain a balanced perspective of key issues;
Vv
To identify common interests and opportunities for meeting these (maximising benefits); V
To identify sources of information and the knowledge of local and other stakeholders; V
To learn from the knowledge and understanding of the environment of local and other
stakeholders; V
To comment on the findings of technical studies; V
To identify reasonable alternatives; V
To manage and minimise conflict; V
To identify creative solutions to problems or deadlocks; V
To inform and improve decision-making; V
To ensure greater transparency, credibility, legitimacy and accountability in the decision-making
process; V
To establish trust and cooperation;
To generate a sense of joint responsibility and ownership for the environment (and buy-in into a
project); V
To assist in the review and monitoring of activities that may negatively affect the environment; Vv
To increase public confidence in the EIA process and government’s commitment to sustainable
development (including integrated environmental management) V
Second/Supplementary Opportunity Memorandum
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Integrated Environmental Management
IEM621S
© Tocontribute to the development of appropriate policy, legislation and regulations; Vand
o Topromote democracy. V
[any 12 or similar, appropriate answers]
Outline the four steps that are followed when one is carrying out a waste audit and explain briefly what (8)
each step represents?
Student should mention the steps below or similar steps with the right facts.
Planv
- Get management support and define the objectives, scope and study area of the audit.
Or
Ensure confidentiality and privacy of documents or personal information found in the waste stream. V
Collectv
- Collect the waste at the appointed time
e.g. daily at 17:00 for a whole week.
- Bags must be labelled with the date and place, and any other relevant information. Or Cleaners or
waste contractors can do the collection. V
Sortv
Prepare the sorting area, e.g. tables covered with plastic; scales, buckets, bins, brooms ready; water on
hand. Or
Record the locations from which each bag of waste comes; weigh the bag; empty it onto the table; sort
into material categories, e.g. glass, office plastics, metal etc. V
Analysev
The sorting will result in many data sheets showing the quantity of waste by material categories that
was generated within each area sampled. / This data is entered into a database and analysed. V
Question 4
a)
Give your opinion on the importance of information and knowledge sharing for good environmental
management.
Citizens need to be empowered with environmental informationv and knowledge before they can be
expected to voice opinionsV, make informed choices, develop preferencesV and values, contribute
meaningfully to discussionsv, provide an opportunity for the sharing of indigenous knowledge.
[or similar]
Distinguish between baseline monitoring, impacts monitoring and compliance monitoring.
Baseline monitoring: Measurement of environmental parameters over some time, V before the project
starts. Done to determine the range of variation of the system and establishing reference points against
which changes can be measured. V
Impacts_monitoring: Measurement of environmental parameters during project construction and
implementation. V Done to detect changes which can be attributed to the project. (To ensure that
mitigation measures are implemented; To establish systems and procedurefosr this purpose; To monitor
the effectiveness of mitigation measures; To take any necessary action when unforeseen impacts occur)
Vv
Second/Supplementary Opportunity Memorandum
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Integrated Environmental Management
IEM621S
Compliance monitoring: Periodic samplinogr continuous measurement of environmental parametersv,
to ensure that regulatory requirements and standards are being met. V
Question 5
You want to buy a new stove and have narrowed down the options to three comparable stoves, with the
following labels:
>
_
*
ENERGY
RATING
ENERGY
RATING
ENERGY
RATING
C
What type of label is this?
Environmental label Vv
(not ecolabe!)
What are the advantages of this type of labelling for manufacturers?
Participation in a certification scheme ensures a certain quality of products; V
feedback from audits to improve operations; V
green reputation, with subsequent larger market share or entry into niche markets, etc. V
Which stove would you choose, if you are concerned about the environment?
Justify your answer.
B.v
More stars in darker area shows better energy efficiency. V
Allows consumer to make informed decisions about cost and energy efficiency of using this appliance.
Choose most energy efficient stove. V
You also want to buy wooden furniture and find some with the logo of the Forestry
Stewardship Council. What does this logo signify?
©
FSC
Certifies that timber in wood-based product comes from a sustainably managed forest in compliance
with internationally recognized standards. V
Timber is tracked throughout supply-chain to final product (‘traceability’). V
Consumer is assured that he does not contribute to deforestation but buys sustainably harvested wood
products. V
Second/Supplementary Opportunity Memorandum
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Question 6
a)
Name seven (7) actions that Namibia must undertake to capitalize on eco-labelling?
Adoption of credible ecolabelsv
Development of local ecolabelsv
Capacity buildingv
Education and awarenessv
Researchv
Mainstreaming SMEsv
‘Geographic Indications’V
Explore geographical branding strategies for Namibian indigenous natural products such as
!Nara oil, Devils Claw and Swakara pelts.
The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response Model (DPSIR) is a useful tool when measuring the
pressures and stresses exerted on the natural resources. Using the DPSIR model construct a real-
(10)
life scenario that reflects all the components of the DPSIR model.
© Driving forces — human influences and activities that, when combined with environmental
conditions, underpin environmental change. v (Not enough land for grazing) V
Pressures — these are exerted on resources and ecosystems as a result of human activities. V
(Overstocking too many livestock) V
State— the condition of the environment resulting from driving forces and pressures. V
(overgrazed/ no fodder) V
Impacts— the consequences or results of pressures on the current state of the environment. V
(Rangeland degradation & soil erosion) & (livestock death & poverty) V
Responses — the societal actions taken collectively or individually to ease or prevent. negative
environmental impacts correct environmental damage or conserve natural resources. V (Sell
livestock or buy more land) V
Second/Supplementary Opportunity Memorandum
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Integrated Environmental Management
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Question 7
a)
Outline each step in the life cycle of a pair of blue denim jeans, from growing the cotton until the (7)
point where you buy the jeans.
Grow cotton & Harvest cottonV
Transport to cotton ginv
Spin, Colour & Weave into fabricV
Transport fabric to clothing factoryV
Manufacture (sew) jeansv
Package the finish productV
Transport (several stages, via warehouses etc.) to shopV
Describe five (3) negative environmental impacts associated with this part of the product's life cycle.
Any five facts
Growing cotton uses large amounts of waterV
Pesticides & herbicides are detrimental to soil & natural vegetationv
Excess fertilizer is detrimental to soil & water (eutrophication) V
CO2 contributes to climate changeV
Particulates & other air pollutants are harmful to living organismsV
Synthetic dyes are toxic, harmful to aquatic and soil organismsV
Propose five (5) mitigation measures to minimise the negative environmental impacts that you have
described in Q 7 (b).
(5)
Any five facts
Use agrochemicals sparingly and carefully. V
Prevent runoff into streams. V
Shorten transport routes by using locally grown cotton, V
Set up processing and manufacturing plant as close as possible to source and destination of
product. V
Use electricity generated from renewable resources. V
Use natural and less toxic dyes. V
Second/Supplementary Opportunity Memorandum
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Question 8
Scenario: The diagram below represents a fragmented landscape in Kavango East Region, where
logging (cutting of timber) has caused deforestation. You are the team leader of a restoration project.
Ea
Forest
[__] Cleared land
Explain why fragmentation of any natural landscape is an ecological problem.
Student needs to demonstrate an understanding that:
© Too small landscape parcels cannot fulfill all the necessary ecosystem functions /
processes, such as hydrological & nutrient cycling, vegetation development, modifying the
microclimate, producing shade and humus etc. V
He/she has to say something about too small habitats inability to retain resources (water,
nutrients, soil, organic matter,) V
Small patches can be ‘leaky’, are dominated by their context / neighbourhood and can be
more easily invaded by undesirable species, loses biodiversity more easily. V
Size and shape of boundaries of patches can affect the rate and direction of successional
processes. Lack of corridors / linkages for movement of organisms. V
How would you go about treating the causes — rather than the symptoms — of degradation
(fragmentation) in this specific case?
(3)
Stop logging / stop clearing of landv
Penalties (through legislation) V
Incentives V
Provide alternative livelihoods / development opportunities, V
Awareness creation, educationV
Why is it necessary to provide linkages in a landscape?
Linkages are important for species migration and dispersal because:
© Species vary in their mobility / ability to disperse easily from their origins. V
o Human infrastructure, such as roads, and cleared land form barriers to the movement of
animals. V
Dispersal is important for various evolutionary processes. V
Without linkages, organisms may be trapped and be faced with hardships / population
decline/ local extinction when environmental conditions become unbearable. V
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How could you achieve such linkages in practice, for this particular scenario?
Remove cause (logging); break up roads; V
ensure enough ground cover and organic material to provide microhabitats for seedlings; plant
some local (woody) species; V
allow forbs and grasses from surrounding forest to expand into cleared areas; monitor
progress.... V
[15]
*K KK THE END KKK
TOTAL:
100
Second/Supplementary Opportunity Memorandum
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January 2020