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NCA811S - NUTRACEUTICALS AND ALTERNATIVE NUTRITIONAL REMEDIES - 1ST OPP - JUNE 2022 |
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n Am I BI A u n IVE Rs ITY
OF SCIEnCE Ano TECHnOLOGY
FACULTY OF HEALTH, APPLIED SCIENCESAND NATURAL RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SCIENCES
QUALIFICATION: BACHELOROF HUMAN NUTRITION
QUALIFICATION CODE: 08BOHN
COURSE CODE: NCA811S
SESSION: JUNE 2022
LEVEL: 8
COURSE NAME: Nutraceuticals and Alternative
Nutritional Remedies
PAPER:THEORY
DURATION: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100
EXAMINER(S)
FIRST OPPORTUNITY EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER
MR. ERICKNATANGWE UUKULE
MODERATOR: MRS. MARI-LOUISE JEFFERY
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Answer ALL the questions.
2. Write clearly and neatly.
3. Number the answers clearly.
PERMISSIBLE MATERIALS
NONE
THIS EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF 5 PAGES (Including this front page)
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SECTION A
QUESTION 1
(10 MARKS)
State whether the following statements are true or false and provide a reason for your choice.
Each correct answer and reason are worth 2 marks.
1.1 A niacin (vitamin 83) deficiency may cause changes in the epigenetic regulation
of gene expression.
(2)
1.2 Based on their preparation, functional foods may be classified into
4 groups.
(2)
1.3 The nutraceutical lycopene is mainly found in vegetables such as broccoli.
(2)
1.4 Modified foods are different from medical foods.
(2)
1.5 Microarray technology is one of the important emerging technologies in the
science of nutrition.
(2)
QUESTION 2
(15 MARKS)
2.1 Phytochemicals are chemicals exclusively produced by plants that have non-
nutritional benefits to the body. Here are some of the important phytochemicals
found in Namibian indigenous leafy vegetables: Amaranthus ssp., Cleome gynandra
and Hibiscus sabdariffa and their potential effects. Please match each phytochemical
with its correct effect.
(4)
a. Steroids
b. Flavonoids
c. Cardiac glycosids
d. Saponins
1. Antifugal & antiviral activity
2. Relationship with production of sexual hormones
3. Antimicrobial activities & antioxidant activity
4. Inhibition of the sodium-potassium pump
2.2 If after having led an ethnobotanical field study among the Topnaar people, you obtain
a low UV value {0,14) for the traditional medicinal plant !Nara (Acanthosicyos horrid us)
used to treat stomach aches, what does it indicate?
Select all the correct statement(s).
(3)
a) Informants disagree over which plant to use to treat stomach aches.
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b) !Nara is frequently used in the community to treat stomach aches.
c) Stomach ache is a disease category !Nara plant is reported to be used for.
d) !Nara is sparsely used in the community against stomach aches.
e) !Nara has a particular importance among the Topnaar people to treat
gastrointestinal disorders.
2.3 In relation to the traditional African vegetables (TAV), which statements
are correct?
(2)
a) TAV are plants species that are indigenous to Africa.
b) Okra does not belong to the TAV because it is not only found in Namibia.
c) The mode of preparation of the TAV is deeply embedded in local cooking.
d) The African horned cucumber (Cucumis metuliferus) is a TAV used to treat
stomach aches.
2.4 Complete the table below that relates to the San Community and give 3
diseases and related medicinal plants used among this community as well
as the mode of administration of the medicinal
plants.
(6)
Name of the plant
Mode
of
Disease treated
{botanical or local name)
administration
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-·
2
,,
~
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SECTION B
QUESTION 3
(25 MARKS)
3.1 When does the concept of generalised nutritional requirements become
compromised?
(1)
3.2 Mention two important epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene
expressions.
(2)
3.3 Niacin (vitamin B3) is able to maintain the un-methylated state of CpG islands.
What are the implications of having methylated CpGislands?
(2)
3.4 Define the term "nutraceutical".
(2)
3.5 Most nutraceuticals fall under two general categories. Mention these
two categories.
(2)
3.6 Define the term "indigenous knowledge".
(3)
3.7 What is the nutritional value of Amaranthus spp. (for example A. thunbergii
called Ekwakwa)?
(2)
3.8 Cite the five (5) concepts that must be considered in establishing a Prior
Informed Consent {PIC).
(5)
3.9 What are the key areas in personalized nutrition (PN)?
(2)
3.10 How can modern technology's potential in the field of personalized
nutrition be realised?
(4)
SECTION C
QUESTION 4
(25 MARKS)
4.1 Discuss how the acetylation and deacetylation of histones influences
gene expression.
(6)
4.2 Cardiovascular diseases are known to be a collection of multi-factorial disorders
related to genetic and modifiable risk factors. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)continue
to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world and so our future
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understanding of their homeostasis and pathogenesis is an important factor when
considering therapy and prevention targets.
a) Mention any two intermediate risk phenotypes for CVD.
(2)
b) Mention any two modifiable CVD risk factors.
(2)
c) Mention any two non-modifiable CVDrisk factors.
(2)
4.3 Differentiate between traditional and non-traditional nutraceuticals and give one (1)
example of each.
(4)
4.4 Explain two (2) advantages, two (2) health and nutritive benefits as well as one (1)
challenge of resorting to indigenous leafy vegetables in the context of
food security.
(5)
4.5 Evaluate the potential of nanotechnology in nutrition research.
(4)
QUESTION 5
(25 MARKS)
5.1 State any two (2) reasons why there is a growing interest in Nutraceuticals and
Functional foods.
(2)
5.2 In the case of positive selection, what would be the signs that genes are
subjected to positive selection?
(4)
5.3 What is the main objective of cardiovascular risk modification and how can that
objective be achieved?
(4)
5.4 Outline any four (4) modes of herbal remedies utilisation
(4)
5.5 Name and describe the four (4) types of functional foods.
(8)
5.6 What is a nutritional biomarker?
(3)
All the best!!!!
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