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EPD612S - EPIDEMIOLOGY 2B - 2ND OPP - JANUARY 2025 |
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r
nAml BIA UnlVERS ITY
OF SCIEnCEAnDTECHnOLOGY
FacultyofHealthN, atural
ResourceasndApplied
Sciences
Schoolof HealthSciences
DepartmentofPreventative
HealthSciences
13JacksonKaujeuaStreet T: +264612072970
Private Bag13388
F: +264612079970
Windhoek
E: dphs@nust.na
NAMIBIA
W: www.nust.na
QUALIFICATIONS: BACHELOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES,BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT, BACHELOR OF HUMAN NUTRITION
QUALIFICATION CODE: 08BOHS,
07BHIS, 08BOHN
LEVEL: 6
COURSE NAME: EPIDEMIOLOGY 2B
COURSE CODE: EPD 612S
DATE:
JANUARY 2025
DURATION:
3 hours
SESSION: 1
MARKS:
100
SUPPLEMENTARY/SECOND OPPORTUNITY EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER
EXAMINER(S):
DR LARAI AKU-AKAI
MODERATOR:
DR ROSWITHA MAHALIE
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Answer ALL the questions.
2. Write clearly and neatly in the answer booklet.
PERMISSIBLEMATERIALS:
1.
Non-programmable calculator
ATTACHEMENTS
1.
None
THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF 6 PAGES (Excluding this front page)
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SECTIONA
Question 1
(15 marks)
Select the most appropriate answer from the options provided. (Each correct answer earns
1 mark)
1.1 Of the following, which disease causes most death worldwide?
a. Cancer
b. HIV/AIDS
c. Malaria
d. Tuberculosis
(1)
1.2 Epidemiology would include the following activities, except:
a. Describing the demographic characteristics of persons with acute
aflatoxin poisoning in District A
b. Prescribing an antibiotic to treat a patient with community-acquired
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection
c. Comparing the family history, amount of exercise, and eating habits of
those with and without newly diagnosed diabetes
d. Identifying a restaurant as the source of a hepatitis A outbreak
(1)
1.3 A number of passengers on a cruise ship from Cape town to Walvis bay have
recently developed a gastrointestinal illness compatible with norovirus. Testing
for norovirus is not readily available, and the test takes several days even
where available. Assuming you are the epidemiologist called on to board the
ship and investigate this possible outbreak, your case definition should include,
at a minimum:
a. Clinical criteria, plus specification of time, place, and person
b. Clinical features, plus the exposure(s) you most suspect
c. Suspect cases
d. The nationally agreed standard case definition for disease reporting
(1)
1.4 For the cruise ship scenario described above, how would you display the time
course of the outbreak?
a. Endemic curve
b. Epidemic curve
c. Seasonal trend
d. Secular trend
(1)
EPD612S - EPIDEMIOLOGY 28: 2nd OPPORTUNITY QUESTION PAPER -JAN 2025
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1.5 For the cruise ship scenario described above, if you suspected that the
norovirus may have been transmitted by ice made or served aboard ship,
how might you display "place"?
a. Spot map by assigned dinner seating location
b. Spot map by cabin
c. Shaded map of United States by state of residence
d. Shaded map by whether passenger consumed ship's ice or not
(1)
1.6 Which variables might you include in characterizing the outbreak above by
person?
a. Age of passenger
b. Detailed food history (what person ate) while aboard ship
c. Status as passenger or crew
d. Symptoms
(1)
Use the options (a to d) below to answer the following questions 1.7 to 1.9.
Which term below best describes the pattern of occurrence of the three diseases (1.7 to
1.9) noted below in a single area?
a. Endemic
b. Outbreak
c. Pandemic
d. Sporadic
1.7 Disease 1: usually 40-50 cases per week; last week, 48 cases__
(1)
1.8 Disease 2: fewer than 10 cases per year; last week, 1 case__
(1)
1.9 Disease 3: usually no more than 2-4 cases per week; last week, 13 cases__
(1)
1.10 A reservoir of an infectious agent can be any of the following except:
a. An asymptomatic human
b. A vaccine
c. An animal
d. The environment
(1)
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EPD612S-EPIDEM/OLOGY 28: 2nd OPPORTUNITY QUESTION PAPER-JAN 2025
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1.11 Disease control measures are generally directed at which of the following?
a. Eliminating the reservoir
b. Eliminating the vector
c. Eliminating the host
d. Interrupting mode of transmission
{1)
1.12 HlNl is a mutated form of which pathogen?
a. Influenza
b. Norvirus
c. Staphylococcus
d. Streptococcus
(1)
1.13 A source of an infectious agent can be all the following except:
a. An asymptomatic human
b. An animal
c. The environment
d. A susceptible person
(1)
1.14 The following are all methods to preventing the spread of communicable
disease except:
a. Washing hands before you eat
b. Regular exercise
c. Vaccination
d. Proper nutrition
(1)
1.15 Tsetse-fly transmits:
a. Oriental sore
b. Sleeping sickness
c. Chagas disease
d. River blindness
(1)
Question 2
(15 marks)
2.1 The figure below shows the disease infection timeline. Use the timeline to answer
the questions below. Indicate which of the alphabets corresponds to the
statement/phrase indicated in the question.
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EPD612S - EPIDEMIOLOGY 28: 2nd OPPORTUNITY QUESTION PAPER -JAN 2025
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A
B
CD
E
I Stage of
Stage of
I Stage of
IStage of Recovery,
Susceptibility Subclinical Disease Clinical Disease Disability or Death
Figure 1: Disease timeline
2.1.1 Onset of symptoms
(1)
2.1.2 Usual time of diagnosis
(1)
2.1.3 Exposure
(1)
2.1.4 Prodromal period
(1)
2.1.5 Treatment outcome
(1)
2.2 Explain the following epidemiological terms:
2.2.1 Biological vector
(2)
2.2.2 One health concept
(2)
2.2.3 Susceptible host
(2)
2.2.4 Habitat
(2)
2.2.5 Isolation
(2)
Question 3
(10 marks)
Match the following communicable diseases with their respective causative agents in
the table below. (Each correct answer earns 1 mark)
(10)
Disease
3.1 Swine flu
3.2 Scabies
3.3 Genital and anal warts
3.4 Hookworm infestation
3.5 Yellow fever
3.6 Botulinism
3.7 AIDS
3.8 Bacillary dysentry
3.9 Mumps
3.10 Trachoma
Causative agent
A Treponema pal/idum
B Chlamydia
C Herpes varicella-zoster virus
D Shigella species
E Sarcoptis scabie
F Human papilloma virus
G Myxovirus parotiditis
H Ancy/ostoma duodena/e
I Clostridium
J H1N1 virus
K Flavivirus fibricus
L HIV
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Question 4
SECTION B
(30 marks)
4.1 A pregnant woman living in Ongwediva begins to complain of fever with
chills, headache, body pains, joint pains, nausea and vomiting, and she is
found to have anaemia. She was not regular with antenatal visits and did
not receive any chemoprophylaxis for any disease. She is however
confirmed to be HIV negative.
4.1.1 What condition do you think she has?
(1)
4.1.2 What is the name of the agent for the disease and how is it transmitted? (2)
4.1.3 Specify two (2) strategies targeting pregnant women that would have
prevented the occurrence of this disease in this woman?
(2)
4.1.4 Mention other measures that can be used to prevent transmission of
this disease.
(3)
4.2 A traveller from Angola arrives at Hosea Kutako airport.
4.2.1 Mention the documentation that he is required to present to health
officials on arrival, stating the disease that is covered by this document. (2)
4.2.2 For how long is the documentation expected to be valid?
(1)
4.2.3 If this traveller does not have this documentation what are the health
officials expected to do?
(2)
4.2.4 Indicate two (2) other actions that should be ensured by these health
officials to prevent international spread of the disease.
(2)
4.2.5 What regulation guides the actions of the health officials in dealing with
health issues at the airport?
(1)
4.3 A primary school child from an informal settlement has been complaining of
occasional mild abdominal pain. His mother also noticed that he is not growing
as expected especially compared to his siblings and peers, despite having a
huge appetite. His mother is unemployed and has a small vegetable garden
behind her shack that she fertilises using dried manure she gets from
Gamma ms wastewater works. The family has no toilet facility and defecate
in the bushes around the neighbourhood.
4.3.1 What do you suspect to be the reason for the child's condition and how
was it acquired?
(2)
4.3.2 What would you recommend to diagnose the condition?
(1)
4.3.3 Enumerate three (3) risk factors for the condition in this particular child. {3)
4.3.4 What advise would you give the community members to prevent
occurrence of this condition?
(4)
4.4 Your sister is pregnant and she tells you about a friend of hers that is sick with
a fever, sorethroat and rashes all over her body, and the illness seems to be
going around in her suburb, with several cases reported. The illness does not
seem severe so she wants to visit her friend.
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4.4.1 What disease could her friend possibly have?
(1)
4.4.2 Do you think she should visit her friend? Justify your reason.
(2)
4.4.3 How could your sister be protected from this illness?
(1)
Question 5
SECTION C
(30 marks)
5.1 Highlight diseases that health workers are at risk of acquiring and mention
what should be done to prevent disease transmission in the hospital setting.
(8)
5.2 Discussthe role of immunity and host susceptibility in disease prevention,
elaborating on factors that provide/strengthen immunity as well as factors
that might compromise immunity and increase susceptibility to disease with
relevant examples.
(6)
5.3 In epidemiology, patterns in occurrence of disease is usually described.
Discussthe relevance of describing the occurrence of disease by place and
mention the determinants of geographical disease patterns.
(6)
5.4 Explain the epidemiology of Tuberculosis OR Cholera in detail.
(10)
Good luck!!!
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EPD612S-EPIDEMIOLOGY 28: 2nd OPPORTUNITY QUESTION PAPER-JAN 2025