PLU411S - PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE USE - 1ST OPP - NOV 2024



1 Pages 1-10

▲back to top


1.1 Page 1

▲back to top


nAmlBIA unlVERSITY
OF SCIEnc E Ano TECHn OLOGY
FACULTY OF COMMERCE, HUMAN SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND LANGUAGES
QUALIFICATION: VARIOUS
QUALIFICATION CODE: VARIOUS
COURSE CODE: PLU411 S
SESSION:
Nov 2024
DURATION: 3 HOURS
LEVEL: 4
COURSE NAME: PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE
USE
PAPER:
THEORY
MARKS:
100
FIRST OPPORTUNITY EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER
EXAMINER(S)
Dr R. Nekongo
Dr E. lthindi
Dr C. Sibalatani
Ms L. Andima
Ms N. Haimbodi
MODERATOR: Mr C. Gwasira
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Answer ALL the questions.
2. Write clearly and neatly.
3. Number the answers clearly.
THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF_ 11_ PAGES (Including this front page)
/
/

1.2 Page 2

▲back to top


SECTION A: READING COMPREHENSION
[30 marks]
Read the following passage and answer the questions below, using information from the
passage.
Sociology of online dating, by Neha Lalchandani
1
The whole culture of finding love has changed dramatically. Dating apps and sites are
smart and mysterious, with complex algorithms. But are people just a few screens away from
sending a message to their next date and pursuing them? The theories of three sociologists,
Pierre Bourdieu, Charles Cooley, and Emile Durkheim; have been applied in an OkCupid
experiment that reflects how the pursuit of dating should involve enjoying the process,
instead of letting mere numbers validate your romantic compatibility with someone.
2
The Internet and contemporary lifestyles have made online dating increasingly
popular. Traditional modes of socialisation have faded, replaced by virtual interactions.
Online dating is convenient, cheap, and available anywhere, making it an appealing
alternative to traditional dating. It also expands the pool of potential partners, helping
individuals in smaller dating markets, such as middle-aged singles, to find people with whom
they share commonalities.
3
Computer-mediated communication provides a sense of comfort and confidence
before face-to-face meetings. Success stories further encourage people to try online dating,
whether for casual encounters or serious relationships. OkCupid, a major online dating
platform, uses a unique system of multiple-choice questions that allow users to create
profiles, specifying their preferences and what they expect in a partner. The site's algorithm
crunches the answers to generate match percentages.
4
According to Pierre Bourdieu's theory, the virtual reality of dating sites is a field of user
networks that constitutes of a structural hierarchy occupied by symbolic positions based on
the resources, or as Bourdieu would call, capital. Capital is a set of usable resources and
powers that can refer to age, educational qualifications, cultural background and preference,
good appearance, or any distinctive traits that make one desirable. Many users would show
their best characteristics such as an attractive self-portrait or an impressive rundown of their
intelligence and strengths. It is this symbolic capital that users often succumb to, and what
determines what constitutes taste within society.
5
Every individual possesses taste, which in sociology refers to a person's personal and
cultural pattern of choice and preferences. Bourdieu argues that taste is not innate and
genuine, but rather something that is learnt and is therefore dependent on the individual's
accessto different systems of the society. There are social structures underlying and resulting
from online dating. Thus, online dating is not a market free from social structure; traditional
offline social conditions are reproduced in the virtual setting, but the process and outcome of
online dating is socially different, nevertheless.
6
As per Charles Cooley's theory, online dating provides a platform for users to create
their identities, so they can portray their best selves to gain attraction. To understand this
motivation from a sociological perspective, the work of Charles Cooley is prominent. Cooley
2

1.3 Page 3

▲back to top


developed the concept of 'looking glass self', which theorises that the self develops through
the social interactive process and the perception of others. He thought that this happens
through three steps. First, we imagine how we must appear to others. Then, we imagine how
they must evaluate us, based on their observations of us, before we finally develop our self
through the judgments of others.
7
Cooley's theory is also relevant to the distinction between the ideal and actual self,
which are scopes within the social self. Interestingly, a lot of people want to stand out, but
they end up standing out in the same way. They are trying to balance off by mentioning what
makes them unique and different, while attempting to show they are regular and just average
so people can connect with them more easily.
8
Online dating profiles display two-dimensional information, a characteristic that can
often fail to capture the experiential richness of a social interaction - something that is
essential to evaluate one's compatibility with a potential partner. Who you are attracted to
and who you are compatible with can be two very different people; and this is something to
be figured out outside the realm of online dating, in the real world.
9
Another theorist, Emile Durkheim, a structural functionalist, argued that societal
changes are held together by shared values and behaviours. As society shifts toward
individualism and technology becomes more prevalent, online dating has become a function
of these changes. The internet and technology have transformed the way people seek
romantic relationships. While online dating serves as a new way to connect, Durkheim's
theories suggest that it may also reflect a broader societal dysfunction, where individual
interests override collective values.
10 Psychology professor Barry Schwartz in his book 'The Paradox of Choice', explains two
types of people: "satisficers" and "maximisers". Satisficers are people who are content with
'good enough', while maximisers, on the other hand, seek out the best by doing intense
thorough research to make sure they get the best possible option. The abundance of choice
online tends to turn people into maximisers, constantly searching for something better.
11 Despite initial stigma, online dating has become normalised, with many people
considering it an effective way to meet new partners. This shift mirrors Durkheim's idea of
social cohesion, as online dating fulfils the same social functions as traditional dating.
Ultimately, the goal is to enjoy the process, rather than relying solely on algorithms to
determine romantic success.
Text adapted from: https://medium.com/@dropletsoflife/sociology-of-online-dating
1.1 Give any three examples of how users project their 'capital' on dating platforms, based
on Pierre Bourdieu's theory.
(3)
1.2 List down three stages that are involved in Cooley's "looking glass self" social interactive
process.
(3)
3

1.4 Page 4

▲back to top


1.3 Match the statements below with the theorist that is best associated with them: A, B, C
or D. Write down only the number of the question and the correct letter of your choice, e.g.
1.3.1 D.
(3)
Matching statement
1.3.1 The role acceptable social norms play in online dating.
1.3.2 The role outstanding attributes and possessions play
in online dating apps to enhance desirability.
1.3.3 Online dating apps and sites facilitate opportunities
for users to form their identities based on how they believe
others perceive them.
Theorist
A. Pierre Bourdieu
B. Charles Cooley
C. Emile Durkheim
D. Barry Schwartz
1.4 What criticism is implied in Durkheim's theory regarding on line dating?
(2)
1.5 What does the text suggest is a potential problem with on line dating profiles?
(2)
A. They make it impossible for people to meet in real life
B. They provide inaccurate information about users' intentions
C. They often fail to capture the richness of real-world social interactions
D. They limit people's options to a very narrow group of potential partners
1.6 Compare and contrast the dating behaviours of 'satisficers' and 'maximizers' as
described by Barry Schwartz.
(2)
1.7 What conclusion is implied in the last paragraph of the text regarding the normalisation
of online dating?
(2)
A. Online dating has replaced traditional dating entirely.
B. Online dating will eventually lose its popularity as people revert to traditional methods.
C. Online dating is seen as fulfilling the same social functions as traditional dating.
D. Online dating leads to faster romantic success because of algorithms.
1.8 Quote a phrase in paragraph 11 that illustrates how negative attitude towards online
dating has stabilised. Do not copy the whole sentence.
(3)
1.9 Decide whether the following statements are true or false.
(3)
1.9.1 Emile Durkheim might argue that online dating, while serving as a new way to form
relationships, it may also weaken traditional values, leading to a more fragmented society.
1.9.2 Charles Cooley is of the opinion that on line dating users may craft their profiles in a
way that reflects what they think others will find attractive.
1.9.3 It is implied in the text that algorithms on dating apps and sites are a key determining
factor of romantic success.
4

1.5 Page 5

▲back to top


1.10 What do the following pronouns written in bold in the passage refer to?
(3)
1.10.1 their (paragraph 4)
1.10.2 which (paragraph 6)
1.10.3 it (paragraph 9}
1.11 Match each of the words in column A below with its correct definition in column B.
Write down only the number of the question and the correct letter of your choice, e.g.
1.11.1 C.
(4)
Column A
1.11.1 commonalities (para. 2}
1.11.2 innate (paragraph 5)
1.11.3 perspective (para. 6}
1.11.4 mirrors (para. 11}
Column B
A. a glass that reflects a clear image
B. the state of sharing features or
attributes
C. a person confined to an institution such
as prison
D. corresponds with, or shows a reflection
of something
E. natural, or one that a person is born
with
F. a way of thinking about and understand
something
SECTION B: GRAMMAR
[30 Marks]
Read the following passage and answer all the questions below.
Understanding the diversity of student types in educational settings
1. In any educational institution, students are not a homogeneous group but rather a diverse
array of individuals with unique traits, behaviours, and learning styles. Recognising and
understanding these differences is crucial for educators to tailor their teaching methods
effectively. Broadly speaking, students can be categorized into several types based on their
approaches to learning, social interactions, and overall behaviours.
2. Firstly, there are the "High Achievers" - students who consistently excel academically, often
driven by intrinsic motivation to succeed. These students not only possess a strong work ethic
but also demonstrate exceptional time management and organizational skills. They
meticulously plan their study schedules, set ambitious goals, and actively seek out
opportunities for intellectual growth and academic enrichment. High achievers are not
deterred by setbacks but rather view them as opportunities for learning and growth. They
5

1.6 Page 6

▲back to top


are avid participants in class discussions, eagerly contributing their insights and perspectives.
Outside the classroom, high achievers may engage in extracurricular activities, volunteer
work, or independent research projects to further expand their knowledge and skills. Their
dedication to excellence serves as a source of inspiration for their peers and a testament to
the power of hard work and perseverance in achieving success.
3. On the opposite end of the spectrum are the "Struggling Learners" - students who face
various obstacles that hinder their academic progress. 7.1This obstacle may include learning
disabilities, language barriers, or socio-economic disadvantages. Struggling learners often
require additional support and personalized instruction to overcome their challenges.
7.2Educators must adopt a patient and empathetic approach, taking the time to understand
each student's unique needs and circumstances. Differentiated instruction, individualized
learning plans, and assistive technologies are essential tools for accommodating struggling
learners and fostering their academic growth. Furthermore, building a supportive network of
peers, mentors, and community resources can provide struggling learners with the
encouragement and resources they need to overcome obstacles and reach their full potential.
By addressing the diverse needs of struggling learners, educators can create inclusive learning
environments where every student feels valued and supported in their educational journey.
4. Another prominent category of students is the "Social Butterflies" - individuals who
prioritize social interactions and extracurricular activities over academic pursuits7.3 Social
butterflies thrive in group settings, where they can engage in lively discussions, collaborate on
projects, and form meaningful connections with their peers. They possess strong interpersonal
skills, adept at networking, negotiation, and conflict resolution. However, social butterflies
may struggle with time management and maintaining focus on academic tasks, as they are
easily distracted by social events and extracurricular commitments. 7.4 Educators can engage
social butterflies by incorporating collaborative projects, group discussions, and interactive
learning activities into their lessons. By harnessing their social energy and enthusiasm,
educators can create dynamic learning environments that promote collaboration, creativity,
and peer-to-peer learning among students.
5.ln conclusion, students come in a myriad of types, each with their own strengths,
weaknesses, and individual needs. By recognizing and understanding these differences,
educators can create inclusive learning environments that cater to the diverse needs of all
students. Tailoring instruction, providing appropriate support, and fostering a culture of
acceptance and respect are essential steps towards maximizing the potential of every
student, regardless oftheir type.
Adapted from: https://chat.openai.com/
1.The following words were taken from paragraph 1. Scrutinize them and decide which part
of speech they are.
(5)
1.1 students
1.2 homogenous
1.3 these
1.4 effectively
1.5 into
6

1.7 Page 7

▲back to top


2. Articles form part of the parts of speech in English. Write a sentence in which you use all
the words that constitute the articles and underline them. Each article must only be used
once.
(3)
3.What tense is the sentence in bold and underlined in paragraph 2?
(1)
Sentence: High achievers are not deterred by setbacks but rather view them as opportunities
for learning and growth.
4. Write the sentence in question 3 above in the following tenses.
(6)
4.1 Future tense simple
4.2 Past continuous simple
4.3 Present perfect tense simple
5. Write the sentence written in bold in paragraph 3 in the following forms:
Sentence: Struggling learners often require additional support and personalised instruction
to overcome their challenges.
5.1 Question form
(2)
5.2 Negative form
(2)
6. Subject Verb Agreement
First, identify and write down the subject and the verb in the following sentence. Then
indicate whether the subject and the verb in the following sentence agree or disagree.
6.1 This obstacle include learning disabilities, language barriers, or socio-economic
d isadva ntages
Subject:
Verb:
(2)
Agree or Disagree
(1)
7. Sentence structure
You were taught 4 different types of sentence structure. Write down the types of sentence
structure written in italics in paragraphs 3 and 4 of the passage above, e.g. compound, simple
sentence,etc.
(2x4=8)
7.1This obstacle may include learning disabilities, language barriers, or socio-economic
disadva ntages.
7.2 Educators must adopt a patient and empathetic approach, taking the time to understand
each student's unique needs and circumstances.
7

1.8 Page 8

▲back to top


7.3 Social butterflies thrive in group settings, where they can engage in lively discussions,
collaborate on projects, and form meaningful connections with their peers.
7.4. Educators can engage social butterflies by incorporating collaborative projects, group
discussions, and interactive learning activities into their lessons.
SECTION C: PARAGRAPH AND ESSAY ANALYSIS
[30 marks]
Based on the structure of an academic essay that you were taught in this course, analyse the
essay below and then answer the questions that follow.
Effective communication: The key to successin the workplace
1. A.Last year, our department faced a major crisis when a crucial project fell behind
schedule due to a simple yet costly misunderstanding. B.The manager gave vague instructions
about the project timeline, assuming everyone was on the same page. C.Unfortunately, this
wasn't the case. D.As deadlines approached, team members realised they had conflicting
ideas of what was expected. E.This lack of clear communication cost us not only time but also
strained relationships within the team. F.This experience highlighted the vital importance of
communication in the workplace, and how it can make or break the success of any
organisation. G.Effective communication is essential because it improves collaboration,
boosts productivity, facilitate better decision-making, and reduces workplace conflicts.
2.
In the workplace, most tasks require collaboration, and without effective
communication, teamwork will suffer. For example, when team members clearly share ideas,
assign responsibilities, and set expectations, it leads to smoother coordination and
innovation. As a result, this ensures everyone is aligned with the project goals and knows their
specific role. Employees might enjoy lunch breaks together, too. However, if there's poor
communication, tasks can overlap, or important aspects might be overlooked, leading to
unnecessary delays and confusion.
3.
Good communication increases productivity as it reduces misunderstandings and
errors. For instance, when managers convey instructions clearly and precisely, employees are
less likely to waste time seeking clarification or making mistakes. Smooth communication
workflows streamline task completion; thus, work gets done faster. For example, imagine an
email sent with clear, detailed instructions. However, poor communication can cause
miscommunication, bottlenecks, and delays, when employees misunderstand what's
expected, work gets duplicated, and deadlines are missed. Clear communication fosters a
more efficient workplace.
4.
Additionally, effective communication helps facilitate better decision-making. For
example, access to accurate, timely information is crucial for management to make informed
decisions. Secondly, it ensures that everyone has the same understanding of strategic goals
and priorities. Lastly, it empowers employees to provide input and feedback, which is
essential for dynamic decision-making and problem-solving processes. By enhancing these
areas, an organisation can avoid costly mistakes, and employees can stay aligned with overall
8

1.9 Page 9

▲back to top


objectives. Leadership can have the confidence to move forward knowing they are supported
by informed staff. A clear decision-making process helps improve team efficiency.
5.
Moreover, effective communication also reduces conflicts in the workplace. How
does clear communication prevent workplace conflicts? When communication is open and
transparent, it prevents misunderstandings from escalating into bigger problems. Employees
are more likely to address concerns early and directly, which reduces tension. Moreover, clear
communication fosters a positive work environment. This is done by encouraging
collaboration and minimising friction between team members.
6.
A.In conclusion, effective communication in the workplace improves collaboration,
boosts productivity, enhances decision-making, and reduces conflicts. B.Organisations that
prioritise clear communication will benefit from enhanced teamwork, increased efficiency,
and a more harmonious work environment. C.Thus, communication is the key to enhancing
collaboration and teamwork in any work environment.
Adapted from: https://chat.openai.com/
1. Which of the sentences numbered A-G in paragraph 1 is the thesis statement of this
essay?
(2)
2. Fill in the following statement by choosing the correct answer from the options given
below.
The strategy that is used to introduce the topic under discussion in this essay is ... (2)
A. Moving from general to specific
B. Using a famous quote
C. Using an anecdote
D. None of these strategies
3. Identify and write down an irrelevant sentence in Paragraph 2
4. Identify two transitional words within paragraph 2 that are used to connect ideas. (2)
5. Identify three transitional words or phrases that are used to link ideas between
paragraphs.
(3)
6. Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
6.1 The first sentence that is written in bold in paragraph 3 is
(2)
A. the first supporting sentence.
B. a topic sentence.
C. development of the first supporting sentence.
D. the second supporting sentence.
9

1.10 Page 10

▲back to top


6.2 The 3rd sentence that is underlined in paragraph 3 is
(2)
A. the second supporting sentence.
B. the first supporting sentence.
C. a topic sentence.
D. development of the first supporting sentence.
7.What type of sentence error is hidden in Paragraph 3?
(2)
7.1 Copy down the sentence error that you have identified in question 7 above. (2)
7.2 Rewrite and grammatically correct the sentence error that you wrote in 7.1. (2)
8. Analyse paragraph 4 carefully and illustrate how it is structured by listing its three
main components.
(3)
9. Choose any three supporting ideas presented in paragraph 4.
(3)
A. Access to accurate, timely information
B. Ensuring that everyone has the same understanding
C. An organisation can avoid costly mistakes
D. Empowering employees to provide input and feedback
E. Leadership moving forward
10. Identify and name the type of sentence error hidden in paragraph 4.
(1)
11. What is the purpose of the sentence in italics in paragraph 4?
(1)
12. The sentence below was taken from paragraph 5. Rewrite it to indicate clearly the
topic and the controlling idea.
Sentence: Effective communication also reduces conflicts in the workplace.
a. Topic:
(1)
b. Controlling idea:
(1)
13. Identify a sentence in Paragraph 5 that best summaries the ideas presented in the
essay above. The sentences are numbered A-C; thus, write only the letter of the
correct answer.
(1)
10

2 Pages 11-20

▲back to top


2.1 Page 11

▲back to top


SECTION D: Paragraph Writing
[10 marks]
Choose any one of the prompts hereunder and write a body paragraph of about 100 words.
Pay attention to structure, coherence, punctuation, and language usage. Begin the paragraph
with a clear and suitable topic sentence.
1. The importance of time management for academic success. Discuss how effective
time management skills can positively impact students' academic performance and
personal life.
2. The impact of technology on education. Explain how advancements in technology
have transformed the learning environment for students.
3. The benefits of exercising regularly. Describe the physical and mental health
benefits of maintaining a regular exercise routine.
4. The challenges of balancing work and study. Discuss the difficulties students face
when juggling part-time jobs and their academic responsibilities.
5. The influence of peer pressure on decision-making. Explain how peer pressure can
affect students' choices positively OR negatively, in their academic and
personal lives.
END OF QUESTION PAPER
11