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ANP621S - ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY 2B - 1ST OPP - NOVEMBER 2023 |
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nAml BIA un1VERSITY
OF SCIEnCE AnDTECHnOLOGY
Faculty of Health, Natural
Resources and Applied
Sciences
School of Health Sciences
Department of Clinical
Health Sciences
QUALIFICATION: BACHELOR of MEDICAL LABORATORY
QUALIFICATION CODE: 08BMLS
COURSE:ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY 2B
DATE: NOVEMBER 2023
DURATION: 3 HOURS
13 Jackson Kaujeua Street
Private Bag 13388
Windhoek
NAMIBIA
T: +264 612072970
F: •264 61 207 9970
E: dchs@nust.na
W: www.nust.na
LEVEL:6
COURSECODE: ANP621S
SESSION: 1
MARKS: 100
FIRST OPPORTUNITY: EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER
EXAMINER:
MODERATOR:
Ms Belinda Roselin Tsauses
Ms Ndeshipewa Hamatui-Valombola
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Answer all questions in the answer book.
2. Please write neatly and legibly.
3. Do not use the left side margin of the exam paper. This must be allowed for the
examiner.
4. No books, notes and other additional aids are allowed.
5. Mark all answers clearly with their respective question numbers.
PERMISSIBLE MATERIALS:
1. None.
ATTACHEMENTS
1. None.
This paper consists of 5 pages including this front page
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SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE AND TRUE / FALSE
(iOMARKS]
QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
(10 MARKS]
Evaluate the statements in each numbered section and select the most appropriate answer or
phrase from the given possibilities. Fill in the appropriate letter next to the number of the
correct statement/phrase in your ANSWER BOOK.
(10)
1.1 Heterolysis is a cytoplasmic degenerative change that refers to:
(1)
a) The lysis of the cytoplasm due to enzymes derived from bacteria besides Di:iderlein
bacilli.
b) The condensation of the cytoplasm causing intense red staining.
c) The cessation of osmotic cell regulation, causing water influx and nuclear swelling.
d) None of the above.
1.2 Karyorrhexis refers to:
(1)
a) The rupturing of the nucleus into fragments.
b) The loss of water causing the dead nuclei to shrink and become hyperchromatic.
c) The process of chromatin particles adhering to the inner nuclear membrane.
d) None of the above.
1.3 Actinomycosis involving the female genital tract has been increasing since the advent of: (1)
a) Oral contraceptives.
b) Intra-uterine devices.
c) Condoms.
d) All of the above.
1.4 The squamocolumnar junction (SCJ)is where:
(1)
a) The cervix meets the vagina.
b) The cervix meets the endometrium.
c) The normal squamous cells meet the inflammatory cells.
d) The ectocervical epithelium meets the endocervical epithelium.
Anatomical Pathology (ANP621S)
1st opportunity November 2023
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1.5 Meta plastic cells are commonly also referred to as:
(1)
a) Glandular epithelial cells.
b) Atypical cells.
c) Spider cells.
d) Fenestrated cells.
1.6 The cervical mucus becomes highly viscous, forming a buffer that prevents the entry
of microorganisms (and sperm) to the vagina after ovulation in the:
(1)
a) Follicular phase.
b) Proliferative phase.
c) Menstrual phase.
d) Secretory phase.
1.7 Metaplasia refers to:
(1)
a) The transformation of one type of mature epithelium to another.
b) The presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ.
c) An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue as a result of cell proliferation.
d) None of the above.
1.8 Anaplasia refers to:
(1)
a) The process where cells are extremely abnormal but have not yet invaded nearby tissue.
b) The loss of the mature or specialized features of a cell or tissue, as in malignant tumours.
c) The transformation of one type of mature epithelium to another.
d) None of the above.
1.9 Inflammation of the "neck of the womb" is called:
(1)
a) Cervicitis.
b) Endometriosis.
c) Vaginosis.
d) Candidaisis.
Anatomical Pathology (ANP621S)
1st Opportunity November 2023
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1.10 The function of estrogen is to:
(1)
a) Stimulate the growth of external genitalia.
b) Stimulate the growth of internal sexual organs and maintains them in a functional state.
c) Establish the female pattern of body fat deposition, bone growth, and body hair.
d) All of the above.
QUESTION 2: TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
(10 MARKS]
Evaluate the statements and select whether the statement is true or false. Write the word 'True'
or 'False' next to the corresponding number in your ANSWERBOOK.
[10]
2.1 Reparative changes can be atypical and mimic pre-cancerous lesions.
( 1)
2.2 Nuclear features tell us where cell finds itself on the road of transformation or
carcinogenesis.
(1)
2.3 Well differentiated cells are highly proliferative.
(1)
2.4 Navicular cells are boat-shaped malignant epithelial cells seen in Pap smear of early
menopausal women.
(1)
2.5 Endometrial cells are larger than the endocervical cells.
(1)
2.6 In the proliferative phase, increasing levels of estrogen promote secretion of thin, watery
mucus, which allows the passage of sperm into the uterus at the time of ovulation.
(1)
2.7 Atypia is a term referring to cells appearing slightly abnormal.
(1)
2.8 Adenomas are benign tumours that grow in fibrous tissue.
(1)
2.9 The columnar cells are constantly changing into squamous cells in the transformation
zone of the cervix.
(1)
2.10 The epithelial lining of the cervix includes the stratified squamous epithelium on
the ectocervix and simple columnar (glandular) epithelium lining the endocervix. (1)
Anatomical Pathology (ANP621S)
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SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Please answer ALL of the questions in this section.
[35 MARKS]
QUESTION 3:
(15 MARKS]
3.1 Draw a neatly labelled diagram depicting the principle of cytocentrifugation.
(5)
3.2 Explain three (3) differences between liquid-based cytology and conventional
smears.
(6)
3.3 Name the 4 main steps in the Papanicolaou staining procedure in the correct order.
(Note: No marks will be awarded if the order is incorrect.)
(4)
QUESTION 4:
(20 MARKS]
4.1 Tabulate the difference between the following normal squamous epithelial cells
based on the distinct cytological features of the nucleus, cytoplasm and the NCR.
a) Superficial cells
(3)
b) Intermediate cells
(3)
c) Parabasal cells
(3)
4.2 What is the cytological description of Leptothrix on a Pap stain?
(5)
4.3 Outline six (6) essential alterations in cell physiology that characterizes malignancy. (6)
SECTIONC: LON<iANSWER QUESTio'Ns
[45 MARKS]
Please answer ALL of the questions in this section. Give all your answers in point form.
QUESTION 5:
(15 MARKS]
Give a description of cytological characteristics and the maturation index as a result
of cyclic hormonal changes in the female genital tract. Make reference to the three (3)
different stages of menopause.
(15)
QUESTION 6:
(15 MARKS]
Discuss the pathogenesis of cervical cancer from a cytological perspective.
(15)
QUESTION 7:
(15 MARKS]
Describe the action of the Doderlein bacilli on the relevant squamous epithelial cells during
cytolysis.
(15)
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END OF QUESTION PAPER
Anatomical Pathology (ANP621S)
1st Opportunity November 2023
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