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BPM821S - BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - 1ST OPP - NOVEMBER 2024 |
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nAml 8 IA UnlVERSITY
OF SCIEnCE AnDTECHnOLOGY
FacultyofHealthN, atural
ResourceasndApplied
Sciences
Schoolof NaturalandApplied
Sciences
Departmentof Biology,
Chemistryand Physics
QUALIFICATION: BACHELOR OF SCIENCE HONOURS
QUALIFICATION CODE: 08BOSC
COURSE: BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS AND
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
DATE: NOVEMBER 2024
DURATION: 3 HOURS
13JacksonKaujeuaStreet T: +264612072012
Private Bag13388
F: +264612079012
Windhoek
E: dbcp@nust.na
NAMIBIA
W: www.nust.na
LEVEL:8
COURSECODE: BPM821S
SESSION: 1
MARKS: 100
FIRST OPPORTUNITY: QUESTION PAPER
EXAMINER:
MODERATOR:
PROF LAMECH MWAPAGHA
DR HARRIS ONYWERA
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Answer all questions on the separate answer sheet.
2. Please write neatly and legibly.
3. Do not use the left side margin of the exam paper. This must be allowed for the
examiner.
4. No books, notes and other additional aids are allowed.
5. Mark all answers clearly with their respective question numbers.
PERMISSIBLE MATERIALS:
1. None
This question paper consists of four (4) pages including this front page.
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Question 1
[12]
(a) Give a generalized descriptions of SEVEN(7) changes in tissue that occur in epithelial dysplasia (7)
(b) Cyclic AMP is a ubiquitous second messenger that utilises various effectors that regulate a
multitude of cellular responses. Briefly describe Protein kinase A (PKA) as one of the effectors
responsible for carrying out the cyclic AMP signalling functions.
(5)
Question 2
[17]
(a) Cancer biomarkers are measurable substances or processes in the body that indicate the presence
of cancer.
I. Why are cancer biomarkers important in oncology?
(3)
II. Describe the following types of cancer biomarkers
(6)
• Diagnostic biomarkers
• Prognostic biomarkers
• Predictive biomarkers
(b) Describe FOUR (4) challenges that exist in the implementation of cancer biomarkers in clinical
practice?
(8)
Question 3
[11]
(a) Briefly explain how GPCRsenable smooth muscle contraction via oxytocin signalling.
(6)
(b) Describe the process of GPCRdesensitization
(5)
Question 4
[14]
(a) State FOUR (4) likely reasons of poor drug absorption according to Lipinski's rules;
(4)
(b) Explain the major stages of drug development from discovery to market approval
(10)
Biosynthetic Pathways and Molecular Biology (BPM8215) ist Opportunity November 2024
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Question 5
[18]
(a) Explain the general mechanism of cell signaling and the role of receptors in this process. (10)
(b) Briefly delineate how the MAPK cascade contribute to cell division
(8)
Question 6
[12]
(a) Describe the role of Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) in regulating the cell cycle pathway
(6)
(b) The signalling pathway below is responsible for mediating the action of the transforming growth
factor (TGF-~) superfamily, which are cytokines that regulate multiple cellular functions during
early development and cell differentiation
BMPs/GDFs
0
Smad1
Smad5
Smad8
BMP
target genes
I. Name the TWO (2) main components of the signalling pathway
(2)
II. Briefly describe the activation of the signalling pathway
(4)
Biosynthetic Pathways and Molecular Biology (BPM821S) 1st Opportunity November 2024
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Question 7
[16]
(a) Four patients presented with suspected signs of head and neck cancer at the Katutura state
hospital. A biopsy was removed by local excision and examined. Use the correct TNM
classification to describe the four results below;
(8)
I. No information available on primary tumor, nodes not assessed and distant metastasis not
assessed
II. Carcinoma in situ at primary site, no clinically positive nodes (not palpable) and no distant
metastasis
Ill. Tumor 2-4 cm in diameter, single clinically positive ipsilateral (on same side) node less than 3
cm and no distant metastasis
IV. Tumor has invaded adjacent structures, Node or nodes greater than 6 cm and distant metastasis
is present
(b) Cancer can be staged at different times. Typically, cancer is staged when it is first diagnosed,
before any treatment is given. But in some cases, it is staged again after treatment has started.
Briefly describe the following cancer staging.
(8)
I. Clinical staging
II. Pathological staging
Ill. Post-neoadjuvant therapy (or post-therapy) staging
IV. Recurrence or retreatment staging
THE END
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