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CML112S - Commercial Law 1B - 2nd Opp - Nov 2025 |
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nAmlBIA unlVERSITY
OF SCI EnCE Ano TECHnOLOGY
FACULTY OF COMMERCE, HUMAN SCIENCES AND EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
QUALIFICATIONS: VARIOUS
QUALIFICATION CODES: VARIOUS
COURSE CODE: CML 112 5
SESSION: NOVEMBER 2025
DURATION: 2 HOURS
LEVEL: 5
COURSE NAME: COMMERCIAL LAW 18
PAPER:THEORY
MARKS: 100
SECOND OPPORTUNITY QUESTION PAPER
EXAMINER{S) Mariette Hanekom, Emmy Wabomba, Wilhelmina Shakela, Eddy Maiba
MODERATOR: Dr M Awarab
INSTRUCTIONS
1. This paper consists of 7 (seven) questions.
2. All questions are compulsory.
3. All questions must be answered in your Examination Book
4. Read all questions carefully before answering.
5. Incorrect spelling and illegible handwriting may prevent mark allocation .
PERMISSIBLE MATERIALS
None
THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF 10 PAGES (Including this front page)
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QUESTION 1
Choose a correct answer from the options given in each of the following statements. Only
write down the letter with a correct answer for each statement. Use BLOCK CAPITAL
LETTERS.
1.1 The difference between the passing of the risk rule and the rule of impossibility of
performance can be explained as follows:
A. The risk rule is an exception to the general principles of the law of contract.
B. The rule of impossibility of performance states that the contract terminates in the
event of supervening impossibility of performance.
C. The rule of impossibility of performance, i.e. the fact that the contract terminates in
the event of supervening impossibility of performance does not apply to a contract of
purchase and sale, whilst the risk rule states that the seller will be relieved of his/her
duty to deliver if performance becomes impossible, the purchaser will still be liable
for the purchase price if the contract is perfecta.
D. The risk rule states that the seller has a duty to care for the merx from the time of the
conclusion of the contract until the time of delivery.
E. The risk rule will not apply if the parties agree that the risk would not pass to the
purchaser.
1.2 When a seller delivers the merx sold to the purchaser, the purchaser is protected
against disturbance in his possession by virtue of the:
A. Guarantee against latent defects.
B. Guarantee against eviction.
C. Passing of the risk rule.
D. Actio empty.
E. None of the above.
1.3 The following statement is not true:
A. A voetstoots sale means that the thing is sold as good or as bad as it is.
B. A voetstoots sale is never implied, the parties must expressly agree on it.
C. Goods sold at a sale in execution are sold voetstoots.
D. The seller can never be liable for any latent defects if a thing is sold voetstoots.
E. None of the above.
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1.4 Which of the following statements is false in relation to a contract of sale?
A. A seller need not guarantee that he is the owner of the things sold but needs to
provide the purchaser with a warranty that he will receive the merx free from
encumbrances.
B. An implied warranty against eviction guarantees that no third party with a better title
will deprive the purchaser of his possession of the merx.
C. Where both the seller and buyer believe a thing to be sold exists but it later transpires
that the thing doesn't, a valid contract is nevertheless concluded.
D. There cannot be a valid contract of sale if the parties concerned do not reach
agreement about the price.
E. Neither one of the above options .
1.5 A and B agree that A will buy B's bicycle for N$ 500. The parties further agree that the
risk will only pass to A after delivery of the bicycle to A. The arrangement relating to the
passing of risk:
A. Is invalid as the sale is perfecta.
B. Is valid provided A pays the purchase price on time.
C. Is invalid as the passing of the risk is an essential characteristic of the contract of sale.
D. Is valid as the passing of the risk can be arranged by mutual agreement.
E. Neither one of the above options.
1.6 Which of the following is an example of delivery by longa manu?
A. X lends a horse to Y. While the horse is in Y's possession, they agree that Y will buy it
from X. The horse remains in Y's possession.
B. The merx is pointed out and made available to the purchaser because it is too large
and too heavy to be physically handed over.
C. X sells her horse to Y. They agree that X will hire the horse from Y. The horse thus
remains in X's possession.
D. X sells her horse to Y. She delivers the horse by driving it to Y's farm in her trailer and
allowing Y to lead the horse to its stable.
E. Neither one of the above options.
1.7 Jack purchased John's VW Beetle. John gives Jack the keys to the motor vehicle upon
payment of the purchase price of N$ 10 000.00. This form of delivery is known as:
A. Registration
B. Actual delivery
C. Symbolic delivery
D. Cession
E. Delivery by the long hand
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1.8 One of the requirements for the transfer of ownership in a contract of sale is (indicate
the correct statement}:
A. That the intention exists that ownership should pass
8. That the merx must be free from latent defects.
C. The actual delivery must take place.
D. That the purchase price must be paid in cash .
E. That the seller must give the purchaser a warranty against eviction.
1.9 The Credit Agreements Act 75 of 1980 only applies to: (indicate the correct statement}
A. Contracts for the sale or lease of movable goods.
8. Contracts for the sale of immovable goods.
C. Contracts for the sale or lease of immovable goods.
D. Contracts for the sale of any item that a purchaser wishes to buy on credit.
E. Contracts for the sale of movable goods.
1.10 When the buyer enters into a credit transaction, s/he must pay a certain percentage
of the purchase price as initial amount at the conclusion of the contract. The
transaction will not be binding until this amount is paid. This amount is called:
A. Lay-by.
8. Deposit.
C. Receipt.
D. Proof of payment.
E. Proof of debit.
1.11 Section 12 of the Credit Agreements Act 75 of 1980 provides as follows:
A. The Credit Agreement must contain a clause stating that the contract was signed at
the premises of the credit grantor.
8. The initial payment must first be paid before the credit agreement will be valid.
C. The credit receiver may not trade in goods as a deposit.
D. The credit receiver shall be entitled to recovery of the goods within 30 days in the
event where the credit grantor takes matters in his own hands and repossesses goods
by any other means than a court order.
E. The credit receiver may cancel within 5 days if the agreement is entered into as a result
of the initiative of the credit grantor or the credit receiver signed the agreement at a
place, which is not the normal place of business of the credit grantor.
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1.12 Which of the following pieces of legislation is not a recognized source of labour law in
Namibia?
A. Namibian Constitution, Act 1 of 1990
B. Social Security Act 34 of 1994
C. Affirmative Action Act 29 of 1998
D. Maintenance Act 3 of 2009
E. Employees' Compensation Act 30 of 1941 (as amended)
1.13 In terms of the Labour Act 11 of 2007 an employee is entitled to five (5) working days
compassionate leave during each period of twelve months for the death or serious
illness of family. Which of the following persons will not be considered as family for
compassionate leave in terms of the Labour Act?
A. Children including adopted children.
B. Adopted children.
C. Grandparents
D. Brother/Sister in Law
E. Father/Mother in Law
1.14 Section 25 of the Labour Act 11 of 2007 deals with compassionate leave with full
remuneration. A worker is entitled to the following number of compassionate leave
days:
A. 5 working days per year
B. 5 working days after a period of 6 consecutive months of employment
C. 10 working days after a period of 12 consecutive months of employment per year
A. 15 consecutive after a period of 12 consecutive months of employment per year
D. None of the above.
1.15 In terms of Section 30 of the Labour Act 11 of 2007, the period for notice of resignation
for an employee who worked for a period of 8 (eight) months is:
A. One Working Day
B. One month
C. One Week
D. One day including Saturday and Sunday
E. No notice required.
1.16 In terms of Section 33 of the Labour Act 11 of 2007, a dismissal must be substantively
and procedurally fair. Which statement is correct?
A. In accordance with Section 30 of the Labour Act 11 of 2007
B. For a fair and valid reason and according to a fair procedure.
C. If an employee is caught in the act of stealing from the employer
D. If the illness of an employee takes place for an unreasonably long period;
E. Neither one of the above options.
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1.17 The essentialia of a contract of employment are:
A. Nature of service, remuneration and safe working conditions
B. Nature of service and remuneration
C. Nature of service, remuneration and subordination to the employer
D. The employer has authority and control over the employee and will prescribe what,
how and when the work should be done.
E. Nature of service, remuneration and employer will provide the tools to enable the
employee to render the service.
1.18 The Landlord's Tacit hypothec for rental arears is applicable to the following:
A. Movable and immovables
B. All movables excluding those things bought on credit
C. All movables brought onto the leased premises.
D. Only the lessee's property.
E. Degree of performance of the movable property on the premises.
1.19 The duties of the lessor in a contract of lease are the following. Choose the incorrect
duty:
A. Delivery of the thing
B. Maintenance
C. Rates and Taxes
D. Undisturbed use and enjoyment of the leased article
E. Payment of the utility expenses like water and electricity
1.20 Choose the correct statement:
A. Estate agents have authority to enter into a contract of sale on behalf of the owner.
B. A single director {who is not the Managing Director) of a company has no implied
authority to act in the name and on behalf of the company.
C. Not all members of a Close Corporation have implied authority to act as agents of
the corporation for the purposes of the corporation's business.
D. An agent must dedicate him/herself exclusively to his/her principal's affairs and may
not have more than one principal.
E. Insolvency of the agent will automatically terminate his/her agency power.
Each correct answer is worth 2 marks
[40 Marks]
QUESTION 2 FOLLOWS ON THE NEXT PAGE
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QUESTION 2
In each of the following instances, state whether a valid contract of purchase and sale has
been formed. Motivate your answer.
NOTE: No marks will be awarded for yes/no without a proper motivation.
2.1 Thomas steals David's motorbike and sells it to Peter for the amount of N$ 25 000.00.
Peter is unaware of the fact that the motorbike is a stolen one.
(2)
2.2 Lizel owns land where she grows flowers and agrees to sell the whole crop of flowers.
She agrees to sell the whole crop of flowers she hopes to produce at the end of the
season to a flower shop by the name of Flowered Earth for N$ 20 000. Unfortunately,
Lizel did not have a harvest since her flower crops were damaged by the floods. (2)
2.3 Daniel and Jack agree in a WhatsApp message that Daniel will buy Jack's apartment
for N$2 million.
(2)
2.4 Mary sells her John Deere Tractor to her neighbour for N$ 300 000. The neighbour is
under the impression that he is merely renting it.
(2)
2.5 Saima sells her hand bang to Mary for N$ 500.00. They agree that, instead of paying
her, Mary will do her Mathematics assignment for her.
(2)
[10 Marks]
QUESTION 3
Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write either true of false in
respect of each statement next to the respective question number in your examination book.
No motivation required.
3.1 The passing of the risk rule applies to a contract of employment.
3.2 When a seller delivers the merx sold to the purchaser, he undertakes to give the
purchaser ownership of the thing sold.
3.3 All contracts in our law must always be in writing to be valid.
3.4 In a sale in execution, the purchaser is not protected by the guarantee against latent
defects.
3.5 Labour legislation is applicable to /ocatio conductio operis.
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3.6 The duty of the seller to keep the thing in safe custody is the only duty implied in a
contract of sale.
3.7 The Credit Agreement Act 75 of 1980 was passed for the protection of credit receivers
only.
3.8 There are two essentialia for a contract of employment.
3.9 A 17-year-old girl is allowed to do night work.
3.10 The Labour Act 11 of 2007 lays down minimum wages payable to all employees in
Namibia.
Each correct answer is worth 1 mark
[10 Marks]
QUESTION 4
Answer the following short questions.
4.1 How is delivery of immovable property effected to a purchaser?
(2)
4.2 There are five (5) instances where the purchaser wil l not have a right to use the actio
redhibitoria (claim for cancellation and restitution) as a remedy for a latent defect.
Name these five (5) instances.
(5)
4.3 Is an oral credit agreement in terms of the Credit Agreements Act 75 of 1980 invalid?
(2)
4.4 Explain how the "cooling off period" in terms of Section 13 of the Credit Agreements
Act 75 of 1980 is calculated.
(3)
4.5 A contract of lease is distinguished by certain essentialia. State these essentialia .
(3)
[15 Marks]
QUESTION 5 follows on the next page
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QUESTION 5
Elizabeth's only source of income is that which is generated from baking cakes from a home
bakery. She has an agreement wit h the owner of "Mugg and Bean" to deliver 50 fresh muffins
each day. Elizabeth usually needs to bake the muffins until 04:00 in the morning in order to
comply with her agreement. Elizabeth orders all the eggs she needs for the baking from Tom,
a poultry farmer.
One night at 23 :00 Elizabeth discovers that all the eggs she bought that day from Tom were
rotten and she was therefore unable to deliver her 50 muffins the next day. As a result, she
lost the contract with Mugg and Bean.
5.1 Does Elizabeth have any claim against Tom, the poultry farmer? Explain.
(6)
5.2 Suppose the eggs were sold voetstoots and reconsider your answer in 5.1.
(4)
[10 Marks]
QUESTION 6
Johnny entered into a credit agreement with Lewis Stores (Pty) Ltd Namibia in terms of the
Credit Agreements Act 75 of 1980 for the purchase of a television set at a purchase price of
N$ 5000.00.
Answer the following SEPARATE questions:
6.1 Johnny does not have the money to pay the deposit, and Lewis Stores offers to lend
it to him. What effect would this have on the credit agreement?
(2)
6.2 In terms of the agreement Johnny must pay a monthly instalment of N$ 100-00 as
from 1 October 2024 and thereafter on the pt of each subsequent month. Due to the
hospital expenses of his wife Johnny is unable to meet his financial obligation towards
Lewis Stores and fails to pay the instalment for November 2024. Lewis Stores
immediately cancels the agreement and repossesses the TV from Johnny. Johnny is
very upset and approaches you for legal advice. Advise Johnny as to his rights in terms
of the Credit Agreements Act 75 of 1980.
(6)
6.3 What requirements are necessary in terms of Section 13 of the Credit Agreements
Act for the right of cooling-off to exist?
(2)
[10)
QUESTION 7 FOLLOWS ON THE NEXT PAGE
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QUESTION 7
7.1 Fill in the missing word:
Apparent authority is also known as ... ...... ............... .................. ..... authority.
(1)
7.2 List the four (4) requirements of apparent authority that need to be proven to estop
a principal from denying that he/she culpably created the false impression that
another person has the authority to conclude certain juristic acts on his/her behalf.
(4)
[5 Marks]
[Total 100 Marks]
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