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EPR511S - ENGLISH IN PRACTICE - 2ND OPP - JULY 2022 |
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nAmI BI AunIVE RS ITV
OF SCIEnCE Ano TECH n OLOGY
FACULTY OF COMMERCE HUMAN SCIENCESAND EDUCATION
DEPARTMENTOF LANGUAGES
LEVEL:5
COURSECODE: EPR511S
COURSENAME: ENGLISHIN PRACTICE
SESSION:JUI>/ 2022
PAPER:LANGUGE
DURATION: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100
2ND OPPORTUNITY EXAMINATION
EXAMINER
Mr. A. Tjijoro
MRS.C. Botes
MRS.T. Kavihuha
MODERATOR: MRS. T. Kanime
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Answer ALL the questions.
2. Write clearly and neatly.
3. Number the answers clearly.
4. Indicate whether you are a FM, PM or a DI student on the cover of
your answer booklet
THIS QUESTION PAPERCONSISTSOF 10 PAGES(Including this front page)
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SECTION A: READING COMPREHENSION
[25]
Read the passage below and then answer all the questions that follow.
Britain at any cost?
In November 2019 police in the east of London made a gruesome discovery in the back
of an abandoned refrigerated lorry that had come off a ferry from Zeebrugge, in Belgium.
Instead of the expected cargo of perishable goods, officials found the bodies of 39 men and
women who had been trying to enter Britain illegally.
For these thirty-nine, death in the back of an airless sealed truck was the ultimate price
they paid for a journey that took them half way round the world, from villages in Viet-Nam,
to the destination they were so keen to reach; Britain.
This was not the first lorry of death to have been discovered in Britain; nor the worst. The
worst was in June 2000 when 58 bodies were discovered by customs in the back of a lorry
that had just arrived in Dover. These were men and women who had come from China,
hoping to find a better life in the UK. Others have drowned while trying to cross the English
Channel in small boats.
The British dream
In spite of its problems - in spite of Brexit, in spite of its congested cities, its climate, its
understaffed hospitals, and the poor conditions in the socially-deprived areas of certain
cities -there is an image of liberal Britain that shines like an Eldorado, a land of milk and
honey, a land of opportunity, where the people are all rich and welcoming. It is an image
that is popular in the imaginations of millions of men, women and children living in poor or
repressive countries all over the world.
In addition, many imagine that Britain is a country where they will be easily understood,
given that millions of people all over the world, even in poor countries, have learned enough
English to get by with. They also believe that it is easy to avoid being caught in Britain, as
people in the UK do not carry identity cards.
Britain is seen as a land of prosperity, a land of freedom and fairness, a land of hope and
opportunity, and a land which is reputed to be more hospitable than most to stateless
homeless refugees arriving across its borders. _Andto a certain degree, the image that these
would-be immigrants have of the United Kingdom is based on fact, even if it is exaggerated
fact.
The reality
The reality is rather different. There are lots of jobs in Britain ... there are plenty of good
jobs that are well paid; but while most people in Britain enjoy a very good lifestyle ... there
are many more who hardly earn enough to live on, and the number of people in the UK
living in poverty keeps increasing. Many illegal immigrants end up living in poor conditions,
constantly hiding from the police, doing unpleasant work, and earning much less than they
imagined. Illegal immigrants have to take what jobs they can find, often hard jobs that are
paid below minimum wage. Many wish they had not come.
Since the Brexit referendum, there has also been an increase in racism and intolerance in
Britain - though the vast majority of people in Britain remain tolerant and are not racist.
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The men and women who suffocated to death in that truck all thought that knew where
they were going, knew what to expect; and they had paid a lot of money for the journey.
Among the reasons that had encouraged them to make the journey were some glowing
reports sent back home by others who had made the journey before them, and were
encouraging them to come too ... Some of those who encourage others to come are paid to
encourage more people to use the services of the people-smugglers. Those who died
thought that knew what to expect when they reached Britain; they were not just victims of
the propaganda of unscrupulous people-traffickers.
The people-traffickers
Yet it was the people-traffickers who were responsible for their death.
Now that it is much easier to get right across Europe by truck or by train or by plane,
travelling from Asia to Europe has become far faster, and people-trafficking has become a
very lucrative business. Criminal gangs in Asia, Russia Europe and the UK have been
competing to set up illegal trade and trafficking networks that can bring them in a lot of
money from selling forged documents or from smuggling people into Europe and in
particular into Britain. And with thousands of trucks entering Britain from the Continent
every day, those who traffick in human beings run less risk of getting caught than those who
smuggle arms or contraband goods.
In recent years, following a sharp rise in migrants trying to make their way to Britain, the
processing of illegal immigrants has been speeded up, and the repatriation of those who
don't qualify to stay is quicker than it used to be. This does not bother the people-
traffickers; all they are interested in is making money, and they do not reimburse those who
get caught and sent back to their country of origin, nor those who later get exploited by
other criminal gangs.
An insoluble issue
As long as the gulf between rich countries and poor countries remains as great as it is
today, there will always be an enormous pressure for dynamic or desperate people to flee
poverty or repression and to try and reach a richer country, where they suppose they will
reach a better standard of living, and far better social conditions. Given that the difference
in living standards between the richest and the poorest countries of the world is growing all
the time, not shrinking, some of them will be right, so it seems unlikely that the flow of
immigrants towards richer countries will decline.
In many ways, the problem of illegal immigration from poor countries to rich ones is
insoluble . The image of the good life in western countries is projected worldwide by the
media, in the movies and on the Internet. As long as there is money to be made from poor
people who dream, the criminal gangs who trade in human beings will keep trying to
smuggle in passengers in the backs of lorries; and as long as the dream is promoted, people
will keep on trying any means they can think of to make their way to Western Europe, and
often, preferably, to Britain where they understand the language.
Many dream of a better life; many dream that "the grass is greener on the far side of the
hill". Sometime it is. But sometimes the reality is very different. Sometimes there is no
grass.
Adapted from: https:ljlinguapress.com/advanced/good-reasons.htm
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1. What was the "grusome discovery" mentioned in the first paragraph?
(1)
2. Where did these trafficked people come from and where were they found?
(2)
3. What was the first caseof people in a similar situation and where did they originate from (2)
4. Mention three things that makes Britain unattractive according to the passage.
(3)
5. Peoplefrom outside however view Britain differently according to the text. How is Britain
viewed as by others looking for a better life?
(3)
6. According to the passageBrexit heralded the return of two vices, which are (2)
(a) ------------------------
(b) -------------------
7. Why is does the fact that most trafficked individuals are arrested and quickly send to their
country of origin not deter traffickers to stop their evil ways?
(2)
8. Mention three reasonswhy most people that come to Britain become disillusioned with the
new working environment?
(3)
9. Will the world ever solve the problem of people coming from poor countries to the richer
countries of the world? Explain.
(3)
10. How do you understand the expression: "the grass is greener on the far side of the hill?"(2)
11. The article mention criminal that are responsiblefor people trafficking. From which four
countries do these gangscome from?
(4)
SECTIONB: GRAMMAR
[25]
Readthe article below and then answer all the grammar questions that follow.
Namibia shoots back at trophy hunting critics
Namibia has once again raised its voice by telling critics of trophy hunting to listen to those
who have a track record in conservation, and that countries banning hunting and the import
of trophies would not help conservation.
Environment minister Pohamba Shifeta recently {i) {to tell) world leaders in Brussels, Belgium,
"We need the African voice to be heard loud and clear."
"Burning stockpiles of trophies will not help conservation. Even the trend for airlines to ban
transporting trophies will not help conservation. Such measures will merely prove to be
detrimental to conservation and the livelihoods of rural communities, as they will take away
a critical source of income to communities, and may even turn communities against
conservation," Shifeta {ii) {to voice).
He {iii){ to be) hopeful that countries intending to institute any prohibitions and restrictions
on the import of trophies will consult the source countries and consider the unintended
consequences their actions may cause.
African leaders' voices have been speaking out but have been largely ignored by western
governments, with some, such as the British member of parliament, Sir Roger Gail, {iv){to go)
so far as implying Africans {v) {to be) uncivilised and that "civilised people", such as himself,
are trying to conserve African habitat - because "uncivilised Africans" are incapable of doing
so. There are also continuous debates in the European Parliament on whether the EU should
stop all imports of trophies from developing countries. Namibia {vi) {to be) the first African
country to incorporate protection of the environment into its constitution, and the
government has reinforced this by giving its communities the opportunity and rights to
manage their wildlife through communal conservancies.
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Contacted for comment, Namibia Professional Hunting Association (Napha) exco member
Maria Thiessen (vii) (to argue) if stockpiles of ivory or rhino horns were to be selectively
marketed, this would increase the international supply, and should bring about a decrease in
demand, making it less profitable for poaching syndicates to operate.
Thiessen (viii) (to recommend) this strategy, however, would have to be very carefully
managed by all African countries disposing of their stockpiles on the open market to ensure
no new illicit markets are created.
She says the funds derived from these sales could be used for conservation initiatives, rural
development and stratagems to mitigate the effects of global warming brought about by the
very same overseas countries now doing everything in their power to prevent the sale of
these stockpiles.
"Kenya has, for example, spent many years making a massive fanfare of burning ivory
stockpiles to international praise and media attention, but has this "publicity stunt" led to any
decrease in ivory poaching in Kenya, a country that has lost over 75% of its wildlife since
instituting a trophy hunting ban in 1977. We, as Napha, believe one needs to look no further
than Kenya to see what the result of a trophy hunting ban would mean for us, Namibians, and
our natural resources," she cited.
Napha charged the voices of the community leaders are ignored and even called "spurious";
they are also being accused of being bribed by hunting associations.
She said British MP Gail went so far as to accuse the democratically elected president of
Botswana as a "political vandal" for re-introducing trophy hunting in that country.
Napha fully supports Shifeta's assertion that it is time for African voices to not only be heard
but also respected by those overseas.
"We most certainly agree that the honourable minister's speech was bold, and we are very
glad to see that African leaders are finally standing up to the neo-colonialist agenda of the
animal rights groups overseas. African voices have been speaking out for years against these
emotionally driven and ignorant attempts to ban the hunting of trophy animals. How can
those with such an abysmal conservation track record, such as Great Britain, dictate to
Africans how they should manage African wildlife, especially in those African countries where
wildlife populations are actually increasing?" she queried.
Napha's ultimate mandate is to secure the future of hunting.
It is, however, challenged in that Napha continuously needs to remind the public and inform
animal rights activists that ethical and sustainable hunting is an important wildlife
conservation tool.
At the end of 2020, Namibia recorded its population of black rhinos on freehold (commercial
farms); communal land, farms and conservancies are around a third of the entire national
black rhino herd.
Namibia has the single biggest black rhino population in the world.
This was achieved when the environment and tourism ministry initiated the black rhino
custodianship programme in 1993 shortly after independence.
According to the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC),the black rhino population in the
early 1980s was merely 300 animals, passing 1 200 by the year 2003 and reaching over 2 000
animals at the end of 2020.
- anakale@nepc.com.na
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1. Changethe verbs numbered (i)- (viii) in the passageabove into the correct verb tense.
(8)
2. Identify whether the sentences below are in the active or passive voice:
(3)
(i). Airlines banned trophy hunting tourists last year.
(ii) Kenya has burned many ivory stockpiles in the past
(iii) the voices of the community leaders are ignored by the West
3. Write the sentence above in the opposite voice.
(3)
4. Write the following sentence in reported speech.
(4)
Napha said: "We certainly agree that the honourable minister's speech was bold, and we are very
glad to see that African leaders are finally standing up to the neo-colonialist agenda of the animal
rights groups overseas"
5.1 Identify the type of conditional used in the following sentence.
(1)
if stockpiles of ivory is selectively marketed, supply increases
5.2 Changethe sentence above into a second conditional sentence.
(2)
5.3. change the following sentence into a third conditional and then complete it with a suitable result
clause.
(2)
5.3 If the West stops treating African leaders as irresponsible people they ................
6. From the first paragraph in the passageabove, identify and write down one example of ........
(a) gerund
(b). infinitive
Section C
Critical Reading and Summarising
[20]
Part 1: Critical Reading
(10)
Readthe text below and then answer the questions that follow by choosing the option that best
answers each of the questions. Write only the letter of your choice in the answer book.
New research shows the '*musical chairs' effect of widespread ecosystem changes
By Sarah Kaplan
(*musical chairs= a party game in which players compete for a decreasing number of chairs)
1
Brightly coloured corals are displaced by dark, undulating seaweeds. Familiar fish species
vanish to be replaced by unknown strangers, or nothing at all. Pushed to the brink by warming oceans
and human threats, "the places that we used to recognise as coral reefs no longer look the same," said
Gabby Ahmadia, director of ocean science at the World Wildlife Fund. It is a metamorphosis unfolding
in ecosystems around the globe.
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A sweeping survey published last week looked at tens of thousands of species counts from the
past few decades and found that the world's ecosystems are rapidly reorganising. On average, more
than a quarter of all plant and animal species within an ecosystem are being replaced every decade,
probably the result of local extinctions, the introduction of invasive species and migrations motivated
by climate change.
3
In the midst of a global environmental crisis, when an estimated 1 million species are said to
be at risk of extinction, the study offers an important look at biodiversity on the level of individual
ecosystems, the authors said. It suggests that for now, at least, human activities have resulted not so
much in outright losses as in large-scale reorganisation. But the function of ecosystems, which is their
capacity to filter water and clean air, to sustain the plants and animals we rely on and admire, depends
on the activities and health of their inhabitants. And those qualities are at risk.
4
"It is a little bit like we are playing musical chairs at the moment," said macroecologist Maria
Azeredo de Dornelas, a co-author of the report. "You have a lot of things moving around, and chances
are that some things are going to end up without a chair." The study, published last week in the journal
Science, draws on a massive new database called BioTime. The database, which Dornelas helped build,
contains more than 8 million measures of abundance on more than 40,000 species in roughly half a
million locations on land and in the oceans. This richness, said Sarah Supp, another co-author, allowed
the researchers to sift through global biodiversity trends and pinpoint changes happening on a local
scale.
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"This was not really possible before," said Supp, a Denison University data scientist who
specialises in biodiversity studies. "But it is important because the scale at which our actions take place
are often much more pointed toward specific locations, or political boundaries that are not at the
scale of the globe."
6
The researchers were surprised to find that the heightened global extinction rate was not
reflected at the ecosystem level. In a few extreme cases, the number of species in a habitat declined
by as much as 20 percent per year. But on average, species richness, the head count of species present
in an ecosystem, did not appear to change over time. What is changing with alarming speed are the
kinds of creatures present.
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"This paper really shows that, more important than just looking at the number of species in
an area, we need to look at the identity of those species," said Kimberly Komatsu, a global change
biologist at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center who was not involved in the study. "And
even moving beyond that, we need to think about what the traits of these species would be and what
that means for the functioning of the ecosystem."
8
Marine ecosystems, such as reefs, are hot spots of transformation, the scientists found. The
waters of the western Atlantic and the northwest Australian shelf experienced rates of species
turnover much higher than the global average. Tropical regions also seemed to change more than
temperate ones, perhaps because these already-warm areas have now been heated to temperatures
for which most species are not adapted.
9
There is not enough data from the preindustrial era for scientists to know how much faster
turnover is happening because of humans. But evidence from past research suggests the current
average rate of 28 percent turnover per decade is at least two to three times higher than normal,
Dorne las said. To truly understand the consequences of this change, scientists will have to take a closer
look at which creatures are vanishing from individual ecosystems, and who is arriving to take their
place. Some turnover, such as New England sugar maples showing up in northern Canada, may be a
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sign of adaptation to a warming world. Other kinds of restructuring, such as the replacement of coral
reefs by algae, could have painful consequences.
10 Ahmadia, who was not involved in the new study, has surveyed reefs in the Pacific Ocean and
coastal Africa. She said this kind of turnover leads to less-productive reefs. "The composition of the
species is going to change. They are not going to provide the same benefits they used to for local
communities," she said.
11 In an accompanying analysis published by Science, ecologists Britas Klemens Eriksson and
Helmut Hillebrand pointed out that some of this rapid turnover may lead to homogenisation of
ecosystems. Better-adapted species will spread widely, pushing out native creatures. Habitats that
once served as home to unique collections of species may all start to look the same, they wrote.
12 The pace and scale of the transformations Dornelas and Supp describe are potentially grim.
But the study also points to an opportunity, the scientists said. By understanding biodiversity change
at a local scale, conservation scientists can figure out how to focus their efforts. The study argues that
regions undergoing rapid transformation should be prioritised for "reactive" conservation measures.
These are interventions that help species adapt to their changing circumstances, rather than
attempting to preserve a population the environment can no longer sustain. On the other hand, more
stable systems, like temperate forests, are good candidates for "proactive" protections. By insulating
these areas from human disturbance, people might be able to preserve the diversity that makes them
unique.
13 "Climate change is happening now, and we need to be able to accommodate the
reorganisation that is taking place, to some extent," Dornelas said. "There is no going back in time,
but we can make informed decisions about what kind of future we want to have."
[Adapted from: The Washington Post, 20 October 2019]
1. What main claim does the writer make in the first paragraph of the text above?
A
Fish species are being threatened by human activities in some parts of the world.
B
Seaweeds are facing extinction due to human activities around the globe.
C
Unknown strangers around the globe are contributing to the vanishing of fish
species in the oceans.
D
Marine fauna and flora around the globe are at a high risk of transformation.
2. Which of the following does the writer use to support her main claim in the first paragraph?
A
The writer quotes experts in the field.
B
The writer compares and contrasts related readings.
C
The writer uses real world examples.
D
Both A and C above.
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3. What is the key concern of the writer of the text regarding the changing ecosystem?
A
Creatures in individual ecosystems that are facing invasion from other species.
B
About 1 million species that are at risk of extinction due to human activities.
C
Species richness that does not seem to change over time.
D
Decline of a number of fish species by 20 percent each year.
4. The sentence that best summarises paragraph 9 is
A
Species turnover rate and its consequences on the ecosystem.
B
Adaptation of species to a warming world.
C
Data from preindustrial era.
D
Types of species that are vanishing from the ecosystem.
5. In paragraph 11, Eriksson and Hillebrand 's use of the phrase "homogenisation of
ecosystems" refers to
A
increased extinction of plant and animal species due to human activities.
B
two or more spatially distributed species becoming increasingly similar over time.
C
similar species occupying a large piece of land.
D
losing selected plant and animal species simultaneously.
6. A suitable illustration of undesirable 'musical chairs' effects of ecosystem changes is
A
New England sugar maples appearing in northern Canada.
B
dark seaweeds replacing glowing coral reefs in the ocean.
C
familiar fish species that vanish and are replaced by unknown fish species.
D
Both Band C.
7. Which of the following does the writer not use to support the main arguments presented in
the text?
A
Findings from research.
B
Quotes from experts.
C
The bandwagon technique.
D
Credible data.
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8. Which of the following is not the purpose of this text?
A
To persuade readers to change their ways of living in anticipation of a better future.
B
To understand the roots of a societal problem and propose a solution based on
scientific evidence.
C
To persuade readers to preserve their habitual routines that have an influence on
rapid ecosystem changes.
D
To increase understanding of a global phenomenon and to consider its far reaching
implications.
9. The writer's tone is mainly
A
humorous.
B
angry.
C
persuasive.
D
emotional.
10. The writer's tone makes her assertions
A
biased and debatable.
B
believable and trustworthy.
C
doubtful and questionable.
D
incredible.
Part 2: Summarising
(10)
Briefly summarise the author's main claim as well as four key findings of the study that was published
in Science as reported in the text above. Keep your summary to 100 words, and note that the part
that exceeds the word limit will not be marked. Indicate the number of words used.
10