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WAS512S - WATER AND SANITATION -1ST OPP - NOVEMBER 2024 |
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n Am I BI A uni VE Rs ITY
OF SCIEnCE AnDTECHnOLOGY
FacultyofHealth,Natural
ResourceasndApplied
Sciences
Schoolof HealthSciences
DepartmentofPreventative
HealthSciences
13JacksonKaujeuaStreet T: +264612072970
PrivateBag13388
F: •264612079970
Windhoek
E: dphs@nust.na
NAMIBIA
W: www.nust.na
QUALIFICATION : BACHELOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES
QUALIFICATION CODE: 08 BOHS
LEVEL: 5
COURSE: WATER AND SANITATION
COURSECODE: WAS512S
DATE: NOVEMBER 2024
SESSION: 1
DURATION: 3 HOURS
MARKS: 100
EXAMINER:
MODERATOR:
FIRST OPPORTUNITY: QUESTION PAPER
MRS. MOUYELELE HAUFIKU
MS. CHARMAINE JANSEN
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Answer all questions on the separate answer sheet.
2. Please write neatly and legibly.
3. Do not use the left-side margin of the exam paper. This must be allowed for the
examiner.
4. No books, notes, and other additional aids are allowed.
5. Mark all answers clearly with their respective question numbers.
PERMISSIBLE MATERIALS: NONE
This exam paper consists of 5 pages, including the front page.
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SECTION A: SH.ORTANSWER QUESTIONS
(30 MARKS]
QUESTION 1
(10 MARKS]
1.0 Fill in the missing terms/concepts
1.1 ______
is that portion of rain water which has percolated into earth to forms
underground deposit or water bearing soil formation called aquifers.
[1]
1.2________
is that level in the earth's crust where all the voids in the soils and
rocks are filled with water and from which water will flow freely.
[1]
1.3_________
is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to remove waste
organic matter from water in the process of decomposition by aerobic bacteria (those
bacteria that live only in an environment containing oxygen).
[1]
1.4 _________
Is the process where water is heated to steam, which is then
cooled and collected as liquid, leaving behind microorganisms and many other
contaminants.
[1]
1.5 _______
when water is passed through a membrane filter with very small
pores under high pressure to remove minerals and contaminants, including all
microorganisms.
[1]
1.6_________
is the most common route of transmission of gastrointestinal
disease where the disease-causing organism is excreted in the faeces and faecal matter
containing the causative organisms finds its way to the mouth or the same or another
individual either, e.g. via contamination of the water or food by the faecal matter.
[1]
1.7 __________
is a point where groundwater emerges at the surface of the
ground), from where the water can be piped to consumers.
[1]
1.8 -------
drain.
Can be described as excreta, water and other waste put down a
[1]
1.9 _____________
simply means collecting, or harvesting, rainwater as it
runs off from hard surfaces and storing it in a tank or cistern.
[1]
1.10 ------------
is also called clarification.
[1]
QUESTION 2
2.1 Classify the following diseases as water-borne, water-washed, water-based
or water- related
2. 1.1 Dysentery
2.1.2 Scabies
2.1.3 Trachoma
2.1.4 Dracunculiasis
2.1.5 Yellow fever
Water and Sanitation (WAS512S)
1'1Opportunity November 2024
[10 MARKS]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
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2.2 Interpret the following abbreviations in the context of water and sanitation
2.2.1 WASH
[1)
2.2.2 CLTS
[1)
2.2.3 Eco-San
[1)
2.2.4 WHO
[1)
2.2.5 BOD
[1)
QUESTION 3
[10 MARKS]
3.0 Choose the correct answer from the alternatives given. Write the question number and the
correct letter representing your answer.
3.1 According to the World Health Organization (WHO) the required distance between the water
source and the house should be within:
[1)
a) 1000 m of the house
b) 1500 m of the house
c) 200 m of the house
d) 3000 m of the house
3.2 Water that is safe for drinking, free from pathogens which are introduced to the water
through faeces, dirty containers is referred to:
[1)
a) Palatable water
b) Potable water
c) Raw water
d) Colourless water
3.3 This hardness is due to the presence of carbonates of calcium and magnesium and can
Be removed by boiling.
[1)
a) Permanent hardness
b) Acute hardness
c) Reversible hardness
d) Temporary hardness
3.4 All of the following are disadvantage of ground water, except:
[1)
a) Usually requires pumping for extraction
b) Likely to be contaminated by dust and dirt
c) May have a high level of bicarbonate, carbonate and chloride
d) Poor in oxygen content
Water and Sanitation (WAS512S)
1st Opportunity November 2024
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3.5 This bacteria will be one of the first bacteria that will be present in the water should
contamination occur, and it will be in much larger quantities than others.
[1)
a) Coliform
b) Giardia lamblia
c) Cryptosporidium
d) Hepatitis A
3.6 The flagellated protozoa that are parasitic in the intestines of humans and animals.
[1]
a) Coliform
b) Giardia lamblia
c) Cryptosporidium
d) Hepatitis A
3.7 These spread by the transmission of ocysts via drinking water which has been
contaminated with
infected faecal material.
[1]
a) Coliform
b) Giardia lamblia
c) Cryptosporidium
d) Hepatitis A
3.8 These impurities are mainly inorganic and consist of mineral salts and metals such as
calcium, magnesium, lead, iron and arsenic.
[1]
a) Screening
b) Grit removal
c) Dissolved
d) Sedimentation
3.9 This is a small body of water formed either by nature or man.
[1)
a) Pond
b) Aquifer
c) Rainwater
d) Groundwater
3.10 Schistosomiasis is a
[1)
a) Water borne disease
b) Water washed disease
c) Water-based disease
d) Water related disease
Water and Sanitation (WAS512S)
1st Opportunity November 2024
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SECTION B - C: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
Please answer ALL the questions in this section.
QUESTION 4
_(36 MARKS) 1
(10 MARKS]
4.1 Define the permanent hardness of water.
[2)
4.2 Differentiate between the mineral salt impurities carbonates and sulfates in terms of pH
influence, water hardness, health effects, and sources.
[8)
QUESTION 5
5.1 Outline the characteristics of a protected water source.
5.2 State any five (S) advantages of a Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrine.
(26 MARKS]
[6)
[SJ
5.3 Explain why pit latrines are not suitable in areas where the groundwater table is high:
[8)
5.4 Discuss how to sample water from a well.
[7)
SECTION C:
Please answer ALL the questions in this section.
QUESTION 6
(34 Marks)
6.1 One of the main duties of a water supply provider is to ensure that a safe and plentiful
water supply is available to all segments of a community at a reasonable cost. This may
mean seeking new water sources to satisfy demand. Identifying potential new sources
and assessing their viability prior to development is a skilled technical task that requires
several different factors to be assessed. Briefly explain the factors to be considered
before developing a water source.
[14)
6.2 Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead
to dehydration and even death if untreated. Discuss the prevention & control measures
for Cholera.
[10)
6.3 Briefly explain any five (S) reasons why bottled water is not completely guaranteed to be
free of all infectious microorganisms.
[10)
END OF QUESTION PAPER
Water and Sanitation (WAS5125)
1'1 Opportunity November 2024
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