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SSP720S - SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING - 2ND OPP - JAN 2020 |
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NAMIBIA UNIVERSITY
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND SPATIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND SPATIAL PLANNING
QUALIFICATION: BACHELOR OF TOWN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
QUALIFICATION CODE: O7BTAR
LEVEL: 7
COURSE CODE: SSP720S
COURSE NAME: SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
SESSION: JANUARY 2020
DURATION: 3 HOURS
PAPER: THEORY
MARKS: 100
SECOND OPPORTUNITY/ SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER
EXAMINER(S) | Ms. G.B van Rooi
gvanrooi@nust.na / 2072359
Ms. H. Kevanhu
MODERATOR: | hkevanhu@swkmun.com.na
NOTES
e The question paper consists of 5 pages (Including this front page)
e Read the entire question paper before answering the questions
e Ensure you number your answers correctly
e Please write clearly and legibly
e You must answer all questions
Make sure your Student Number is on the Examination Book(s)
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SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
SSP720S
QUESTION 1
(a)
Provide the Brundtland Commission definition for ‘Sustainable Development”.
(2)
(b)
With your understanding of the role an urban planner plays in the development
of Namibia, provide an indication of what you ought to do to ensure that your work does not
result therein that the needs of future generations cannot be met.
(3)
The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) No. 11 calls on nation states to “Make cities and
human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.”
(c)
Discuss this goal in detail.
(10)
[15]
QUESTION 2
As a newly qualified urban planner in the employment of the Swakopmund Municipality you are tasked
to advocate the concept of complete streets and you must convince engineers of the viability of such.
(a)
Indicate the positive aspects that the community would enjoy should complete streets be
developed in strategic locations of the municipal area.
(10)
(b)
In continuance of the fantasy, you are now a Swakopmund Municipality employee. You
have pursued complete streets and it touches on non-motorised transportation (NMT).
You are specifically tasked to come up with a more detailed plan for NMT. Briefly discuss
the principles that you will apply to guide your NMT plan.
(5)
[15]
QUESTION 3
Study the urban footprints of Barcelona, Spain and Atlanta, Georgia, USA as depicted on Figure 1.
ATLANTA
Built- up Area
BARCELONA
Built- up Area
Figure 1
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SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
SSP720S
It is quite evident that the USA city is a sprawling city. Sprawl, according to the New Urbanist proponents
is the most unstainable city form.
(a)
Identify the threats to sustainability that must be evident in the City of Atlanta.
(5)
(b)
Indicate the general characteristics of compact cities such as Barcelona.
(5)
(c)
How would the delineation of an “Urban Growth Boundary” ensure the development of a
compact city? Use Windhoek as a case study to substantiate your claims.
(5)
New Urbanist’s firmly belief that urban sprawl is one of the major threats to sustainable city building
initiatives.
(d)
Discuss the methods of densification the City of Windhoek could pursue to revive areas such
as Pionierspark.
(5)
[20]
QUESTION 4
Urban Planners invariably are complicit in causing the destruction of the natural environment with the
continual development of townships. The adoption of a green infrastructure planning approach can aide
as a form of environmental restitution.
(a)
Discuss in brief the main components of the green infrastructure planning approach.
(5)
One of the main challenges to sustainable city building is the sprawl. Sprawling cities generally have
dedicated excessive space to streets and roadways. The ‘green infrastructure approach’ puts to the fore
that streets ought to be green to minimize the environmental impact related to transportation.
(b)
Discuss the concept of ‘green streets’.
(5)
[10]
QUESTION 5
The area south of Rocky Crest within the Windhoek Municipal area will be subjected to township
developments. Such would have an environmental impact which can be likened to an environmental
footprint.
(a)
Briefly discuss the “Ecological Footprint” concept as applied to the envisaged township
development.
(5)
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SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
SSP720S
Urban Planners can minimize the “Ecological Footprint” of the aforementioned township development
by pursuing ‘brownfield’ developments within older parts of Windhoek.
(b)
Describe what a typical brownfield development entail.
(2)
(c)
What are the benefits of developing brownfields?
(3)
[10]
QUESTION 6
The Windhoek Town Planning Scheme that was discussed at an interactive session at the City of Windhoek,
where you as SSP720S student were present, is an example of a Euclidian Zoning Scheme.
(a)
Describe what a Euclidian Zoning Scheme is.
(2)
(b)
What in your opinion is the negative and positive impact of the application of Euclidian zoning
on the sustainability of Windhoek?
(4)
(c)
As an alternative to the Euclidian zoning; the adoption of Form Based Codes could aide in
ensuring a sustainable urban environment in Windhoek. Provide reasons why
that would be so.
(4)
[10]
QUESTION 7
The world’s oceans are of utmost importance in the functioning of the Earth system. The oceans
however are dramatically affected by increased CO? emissions, which lead, through the effects of
warming and thermal expansion, to a rise in sea levels, as well as to ocean acidification.
(a)
Provide an explanation of what ocean acidification is.
(5)
The environmental threats to the world’s oceans have prompted countries to engage in Marine Spatial
Planning.
(b)
Discuss the principles of Marine Spatial Planning in Namibia.
(5)
[10]
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SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
SSP720S
QUESTION 8
Environmentalists are of the opinion that the blind pursuit of economic development causes grave
consequences to our natural environment. These proponents advise that in order to pursue sustainable
economic growth, nations ought to adopt ‘green economy’ principles.
(a)
Provide a brief overview of the “green economy” concept.
(5)
(b)
Explain how the “green economy” concept relates to sustainable development.
(5)
[10]
TOTAL = 100
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-
NAMIBIA UNIVERSITY
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND SPATIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND SPATIAL PLANNING
QUALIFICATION: BACHELOR OF TOWN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
QUALIFICATION CODE: O7BTAR
LEVEL: 7
COURSE CODE: SSP720S
COURSE NAME: SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
SESSION: JANUARY 2020
DURATION: 3 HOURS
PAPER: THEORY
| MARKS: 100
SECOND OPPORTUNITY / SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION MEMORANDUM
“EXAMINER(S) | Ms. G.B van Rooi |
gvanrooi@nust.na / 2072359
Ms. H. Kevanhu |
MODERATOR: | hkevanhu@swkmun.com.na
e The Memorandum consists of 10 pages (including this front page).
e The model answers are used as guidelines only.
e The information presented by the students will be evaluated on merit.
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SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
SSP720S
QUESTION1
(a)
Provide the Brundtland Commission definition for ‘Sustainable Development”.
(2)
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. @
With your understanding of the role an urban planner plays in the development
of Namibia, provide an indication of what you ought to do to ensure that your work does not
result therein that the needs of future generations cannot be met.
(3)
(Open ended answer; however, student should discuss at least the following issues)
Sustainable utilization of land; #& densification/compact/smart growth
Discouraging urban sprawl/densification; # environmental protection/biodiversity
conservation. 7
The Sustainable Development Goal No. 11 calls on nation states to “Make cities and
human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.”
(c)
Discuss this goal in detail.
(10)
By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing % and basic
services and upgrade slums;
By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable
transport systems ¥ for all, improving road safety “%, notably by expanding public
transport, @ with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations 7%,
women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons;
By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory,
integanrd asut staeind able human settlement planning @ and management in all
countries.
Strengthen efforts to protect _and safeguard the world’s cultural _and_natural
heritage #
By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of people affected
and substantially decrease the direct economic losses @ relative to global gross
domestic product caused by disasters, including water-related disasters, “ with a
focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations.
By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, & including
by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste
management #
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SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
SSP720S
By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public
spaces, #& for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities
Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban
and rural areas W by stren
By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting
and_ implementing integrated policies “ and plans towards inclusion, resource
efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, “ and
develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels %.
(Any ten (10) of these points will score a mark)
QUE
2
As a newly qualified urban planner in the employment of the Swakopmund Municipality you are tasked
to advocate the concept of complete streets and you must convince engineers of the viability of such.
(a)
Indicate the positive aspects that the community would enjoy should complete streets be
developed in strategic locations of the municipal area.
(10)
Lower motor vehicle traffic speeds. Complete streets often reduce maximum traffic_speeds,
typically from 50-80 km down to 30-40 km/ hour. “
Increased safety - Lower traffic speeds tend to reduce traffic collision rates and severity, and
therefore crash costs, particularly injury risk for pedestrians and cyclists.
Improved non-motorized conditions - Complete streets generally include wider sidewalks, better
crosswalks, bike lanes and reduced traffic speeds, which improve walking and cycling convenience,
comfort and safety. ~
Improved public transit service - Complete streets often include improved bus stops and pedestrian
access, and sometimes bus-lanes which increase public transit speed, reliability, comfort_and
efficiency.
Mode shifts - By improving walking, cycling and public transit, and reducing maximum vehicle
traffic speeds, complete streets encourage shifts from automobile to alternative modes, reducing
total vehicle travel. “
Reduced local air and noise pollution - By reducing traffic speeds and total motor vehicle travel,
and improving bus flow, complete streets tend to reduce local air and noise pollution.
Improved aesthetics — Complete streets often include landscaping and other design changes that
tend to be more attractive. ~
Improved liveability - By improving walkability, accessibility, and aesthetics, and reducing pollution,
complete streets tend to improve liveability (local environmental quality and affordability).
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SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
SSP720S
e Increase economic activity and local property values — By improving liveability, complete streets
can increase local business activity and property values #
(Any ten (10) of these points will score a mark)
In continuance of the fantasy, you are now a Swakopmund Municipality employee. You
have pursued complete streets and it touches on non-motorised transportation (NMT).
You are specifically tasked to come up with a more detailed plan for NMT. Briefly discuss
the principles that you will apply to guide your NMT plan.
(5)
NMT will be successful if it is located along contour lines “ to minimise gradients while streets
and erven can be placed to optimise solar conditions in buildings.
NMT_can follow watercourses “%, where appropriate, to provide mobility at right_angles to
contours and can be placed within the 1:50 year flood lines “ in order to maximise mobility
without reducing developable land.
NMT placement needs to consider safety, #_user function ability “ and security W_to ensure
good and well-lit sightlines and easily controlled access to facilities and developments.
NMT should be considered as the primary mode of transport for short trips and scholars.
[15]
QUESTION 3
Study the urban footprints of Barcelona, Spain and Atlanta, Georgia, USA as depicted on Figure 1.
ATLANTA
Built- up Area
BARCELONA
Built- up Area
Figure 1
It is quite evident that the USA city is a sprawling city. Sprawl, according to the New Urbanist proponents
is the most unstainable city form.
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SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
SSP720S
(a)
Identify the threats to sustainability that must be evident in the City of Atlanta.
(5)
Urban sprawl has been correlated with increased energy use, & pollution, “ and traffic
congestion “ and a decline in community distinctiveness “ and cohesiveness.
Monofunctional cities, W inefficient city systems. #& Long Travel distances as land uses
are separated.
In addition, by increasing the physical and environmental “footprints” of metropolitan areas,
the phenomenon leads to the destruction of wildlife habitat “ and to the fragmentation of
remaining natural areas. @
(Any five (5) of these points will score a mark)
Indicate the general characteristics of compact cities such as Barcelona.
(5)
Urban compaction involves the promotion of urban regeneration W, the revitalisation of
town centres %, restraint on development in rural areas %, higher density development
&%, mixed-use development “, promotion of public transport “ and the concentration of
urban development at public transport nodes. #
(Any five (5) of these points will score a mark)
How would the delineation of an “Urban Growth Boundary” ensure the development of a
compact city? Use Windhoek as a case study to substantiate your claims.
(5)
The boundary contains urban sprawl @as it controls expansion onto farm and
forest lands. It is one of the planning tools used to protect farms and forests
/natural resources “ from development. It promotes the efficient use of land #
public facilities and services inside the boundary. It stimulates the development
and redevelopment of land and buildings in the urban core W.
Furthermore, it provides assurance for businesses and local governments
about where to place infrastructure “ (such as roads and sewers), needed
for future development. Service provision is also more financially efficient
as funding spent on the provision of services renders efficient return on
investment. (More benefit from expenditure in a smaller geographical area)
(Any five (5) of these points will score a mark)
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SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
SSP720S
New Urbanist’s firmly belief that urban sprawl is one of the major threats to sustainable city building
initiatives.
(d)
Discuss the methods of densification the City of Windhoek could pursue to revive areas such
as Pionierspark.
(5)
Construction of attached/detached second dwellings including the changing of non-residential
buildings, or parts of buildings, to residential buildings (e.g. garages).
Increasing the existing bulk rights through the extension of the building or adding on of floors to
accommodate an increased number of units. 4
Block consolidation of erven with redevelopment at higher densities. #
Subdivision of land and_redevelopment_at higher densities. #
Consolidation with re-development at higher densities including the demolition and integration of
existing structures.
Higher density infill on vacant and under-utilised land throughout the built area of the City.
Consolidation of sites within a street block to create a single larger parcel for redevelopment into
multi-storey units.
(Any five (5) of these points will score a mark)
QUESTION4
Urban Planners invariably are complicit in causing the destruction of the natural environment with the
continual development of townships. The adoption of a green infrastructure planning approach can aide
as a form of environmental restitution.
(a)
Discuss in brief the main components of the green infrastructure planning approach.
(5)
The main components of this approach include stormwater management, ~ climate
adaptation, % less heat stress, “ more biodiversity, “ food production, ~ better air quality,
sustainable energy production, “ clean water, “ and healthy soils, “ as well as the more
anthropocentric functions such as increased quality of life “ through recreation “ and
providing shade and shelter in and around towns and cities.
(Any five (5) of these points will score a mark)
One of the main challenges to sustainable city building is the sprawl. Sprawling cities generally have
dedicated excessive space to streets and roadways. The ‘green infrastructure approach’ puts to the fore
that streets ought to be green to minimize the environmental impact related to transportation.
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SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
SSP720S
(b)
Discuss the concept of ‘green streets’.
(5)
Green streets protect water quality in rivers and streams “@ by removing up to 90% of
pollutants. # They replenish groundwater supplies, # absorb carbon, “ improve air quality
and neighbourhood aesthetics, # and supply green connections between parks and open
space. # Vegetated curb extensions improve pedestrian/ bicycle safety, “and calm traffic. ~
Green streets reduce peak stormwater flows, “ free capacity in the pipes to carry more
wastewater to the sewage treatment plant and reduce or stop sewer backups ¥ in
basements. They can eliminate the need to install or replace expensive underground collection,
conveyance and treatment systems. ~
(Any five (5) logically construed points will score a mark)
QUESTION 5
The area south of Rocky Crest within the Windhoek Municipal area will be subjected to township
developments. Such would have an environmental impact which can be likened to an environmental
footprint.
(a)
Briefly discuss the “Ecological Footprint” concept as applied to the envisaged township
development.
(5)
A development’s environmental impact can be likened to a footprint. The footprint might initially
appear small: the site area on which the development sits “ together with the destruction of any
natural environment that existed there. # When the ‘invisible’ environmental capital inherent in
constructing that development is considered, a second, larger footprint becomes apparent — the
energy and resources “ expended in the manufacture and transport “ of materials, the energy
required to prepare the site “ and construct the development, ~ the energy required to extend
the infrastructure needed to service ¥ the site, etc. When the development is occupied, there is a
third, even larger footprint — the energy and resources expended to sustain the development “:
y requirements @, and the waste
disposal requirements “, the occupants’ travel to and from the development, ~ etc.
Finally, when the development reaches the end of its life, #7 the energy required for altering or
demolishing it #% and dealing with the resulting site and materials completes its lifetime
environmental costs, thereby further enlarging the footprint.
(Any five (5) logically construed points will score a mark)
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SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
SSP720S
Urban Planners can minimize the “Ecological Footprint” of the aforementioned township development
by pursuing ‘brownfield’ developments within older parts of Windhoek.
(b)
Describe what a typical brownfield development entail.
(2)
Brownfield development is a term used in urban planning to describe development on land
previously used ¥ for industrial or commercial purposes ™.
What are the benefits of developing brownfields?
(3)
Brownfield sites could provide well located and hopefully affordable housing “, create
opportunities for employment #, promote conservation and environmental rehabilitation “, and
offer a shared place for sport, recreation and community engagement 7.
(Any three (3) of these points will score a mark)
QUESTION 6
The Windhoek Town Planning Scheme that was discussed at an interactive session at the City of Windhoek,
where you as SSP720S student were present, is an example of a Euclidian Zoning Scheme.
(a)
Describe what a Euclidian Zoning Scheme is.
Euclidean zoning is characterized by the segregation of land uses ¥ into
specified zones stipulating limitations on development activity W within each
type of zone.
What in your opinion is the negative and positive impact of the application of Euclidian zoning
on the sustainability of Windhoek?
(4)
Positive:
Negative:
Euclidean zoning enables cities to avoid unnecessary
noise, glare, and pollution impacts ~ resulting from the
incompatible placement of uses. 4
Euclidean zoning is negative because of its inherent
nature to separate land uses are enabling urban
sprawl 4 and discourage mixed land use ¥ developments.
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SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
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(c)
As an alternative to the Euclidian zoning; the adoption of Form Based Codes could aide in
ensuring a sustainable urban environment in Windhoek. Provide reasons why
that would be so.
(4)
Form-based codes address the relationship between building facades and the public realm, W the
form and mass of buildings in relation to one another, “_and the scale and types of streets and
blocks. # The requlations and standards in form-based codes are presented in both words and
clearly drawn diagrams and other visuals.
They are keyed to a requlating plan “_that designates the appropriate form and scale (and
therefore, character) “of development, rather than only distinctions in land-use types.
OR
A form-based code is a land development requlation “ that fosters predictable built results7
and a high-quality public realm_ “by using physical form A, rather than separation of uses “as
the organizing principle for the code. A form-based code is a regulation %, not a mere quideline,
adopted into city, town, or county law. A form-based code offers a powerful alternative to
conventional zoning requlation.
(Any four (4) points of either option will score a mark)
QUESTION 7
The world’s oceans are of utmost importance in the functioning of the Earth system. The oceans
however are dramatically affected by increased CO? emissions, which lead, through the effects of
warming and thermal expansion, to a rise in sea levels, as well as to ocean acidification.
(a)
Provide an explanation of what ocean acidification is.
(5)
Ocean acidification is the name given to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, ~
caused by their uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. ~ An estimated
30-40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into
oceans, rivers and lakes. # This could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems “ and
disrupt the provision of many goods ~ and services associated with the ocean beginning as early
as 2100. It could halt or even reverse coral reef growth @ and in combination with sea-level rise,
would endanger coastal regions worldwide.
(Any five (5) of these points will score a mark)
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SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT PLANNING
SSP720S
The environmental threats to the world’s oceans have prompted countries to engage in Marine Spatial
Planning.
(b)
Discuss the principles of Marine Spatial Planning in Namibia.
(5)
Namibia sees Marine Spatial Planning as: a participative action W that guides where “ and
when # human activities “ occur in marine spaces, # providing for comprehensive,
integrated and complementary planning “and management across all sectors and for all ocean
uses in order to enable sustainable ocean development.
(Any five (5) points will score a mark)
QUESTION8
Environmentalists are of the opinion that the blind pursuit of economic development causes grave
consequences to our natural environment. These proponents advise that in order to pursue sustainable
economic growth, nations ought to adopt ‘green economy’ principles.
(a)
Provide a brief overview of the “green economy” concept.
(5)
In its simplest expression, a green economy is low-carbon, ~ resource efficient, # and socially
inclusive. “ In a green economy, growth in income and employment are driven by public and
private investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution, “ enhance energy, “ and
resource efficiency, and prevent the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. W
(Any five (5) of these points will score a mark)
Explain how the “green economy” concept relates to sustainable development.
(5)
The entire concept of sustainable development is driven by concern that economic development
may be leading to rapid accumulation of physical and human capital “at the expense of excessive
depletion and degradation of natural capital. # The major concern is that by irreversibly depleting
the world’s stock of natural wealth “%,_today’s development path will have detrimental
implications for the well-being of future generations. “ It has been argued that because today’s
economies are biased towards depleting natural capital to secure growth, &“ sustainable
development is unachievable. #
(Any five (5) of these points will score a mark)
TOTAL = 100
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January 2020
SSP720S
Sustainable Settlement Planning
Included:
Moderator’s report
Supplementary / Second Opportunity question paper
Supplementary / Second Opportunity Memorandum