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RSC520S - RANGELAND SCIENCE - 2ND OPP - JAN 2020 |
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NAMIBIA UNIVERSITY
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND SPATIAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES SCIENCES
QUALIFICATION: BACHELOR OF AGRICULTURE
QUALIFICATION CODE: 07BAGR
LEVEL: 5
COURSE CODE: RSC520s
COURSE NAME: RANGELAND SCIENCE
SESSION: JANUARY 2020
DURATION: 3 HOURS
PAPER: THEORY
MARKS: 112
SUPPLEMENTARY / SECOND OPPORTUNITY EXAMINATION QUESTION PAPER
EXAMINER(S) | MR. RICHARD T. KAMUKUENJANDJE
MODERATOR: | DR HILMA RANTILLA AMWELE
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Answer ALL the questions.
2. Write clearly and neatly.
3. Number the answers clearly.
PERMISSIBLE MATERIALS
1. All written work MUST be done in blue or black ink
2. No books, notes and other additional aids are allowed
THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF 6 PAGES (excluding this front page)
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Question 1
1.1 Namibia is affected by bush encroachment on a massive scale. The
260 to 300 million hectares of the Namibian surface area.
A. True
B. False
phenomenon
currently affects some
1.2 The state and transition theory states that: rainfall and its variability plays a more important role than the
intensity of grazing.
A. True
B. False
1.3 Encroacher bush has a catastrophic effect on Namibia’s water resources, drastically reduce water inflow in
the underground water reservoirs.
A. True
B. False
1.4 Bushes are already part of livestock natural diets all we need to do is to add to the bush substances that
will add to its digestive ability
A. True
B. False
1.5 20000 tons of firewood mainly from tree are used daily in Namibian households.
A. True
B. False
[5]
Question 2
Name an example of an animal species for each of the following:
2.1
A domestic animal that is a selective browser
(1)
2.2
A domestic animal that is a selective grazer
(1)
2.3
A domestic animal that is a bulk grazer
(1)
2.4
A wild animal that is a bulk grazer
(1)
2.5
A wild animal that is a bulk browser
(1)
[5]
Question 3
Define the following:
3.1 Perennial grass
[2]
3.2 Dormancy
[2]
3.3 Bush encroachment
[2]
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Question 4
Copy down the table below except for the contents of the third column, and then rearrange the contents of
the third column so that the most appropriate conversion fits in the same row..
To convert from:
:
1052
you:
:
LSU
kg liveweight
Divide into 75 kg/SSU
Kg liveweight
SSU
Divide into 450 kg/LSU
ha/SSU
ha/LSU
Multiply by 6 SSU/LSU
ha/LSU
kg liveweight/ha
Divide by 75 kg/SSU
kg liveweight/ha
ha/SSU
Multiply by 450 kg/LSU
[5]
Question 5
Discuss the causes of bush encroachment.
[15]
Question 6
6.1
Describe how water used to flow through a healthy rangeland.
(2)
6.2
Explain what caused the water to flow like that through a healthy rangeland and how it was self-
reinforced.
(5)
6.3
Explain how humans interfered with natural water flow and the resulting consequences for the
rangeland.
(5)
[12]
Question 7
7.1 Suppose a farmer wants to graze a paddock of 260 ha for 30 days. He estimates that one LSUday requires
the amount of rangeland in a representative square of 28m x 28m. How many LSU can be stocked? (3)
7.2 Suppose a paddock of 370 ha is stocked at 16 ha/LSU for 60 days. What will be the length of the side of a
square that represents the amount of rangeland available for one LSUday?
(3)
Question 8
8.1
Which out of annual and perennial plants are generally better for livestock, and why?
(3)
8.2
Which out of annual and perennial plants are generally better for health of the rangeland, and why?
(3)
8.3
Which out of annual and perennial plants are best adapted to cope with harsh conditions, and why?
(3)
[9]
Question 9
The influence that the tool of trampling, followed by rest, has on the condition of the rangeland depends
largely on the season and the texture of the soil. Explain the differences in response to trampling in the
growing season and dry season between sandy and loamy soils, and recommend which soil should rather be
trampled more in which season.
{10]
Question 10
Draw a chart that shows the relationship between stocking rate on the x-axis and both production per hectare
and production per animal on the y-axis. Label three positions on the chart to show three stocking rates that
apply to three different objectives of rangeland management.
[7]
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Question 11
Explain how large predators such as lions, hunting dogs and hyenas, used to help keep the rangeland in a
healthy condition until a few centuries ago.
[10]
Question 12
Different farmers may use different strategies to cope with changing rainfall over the years. Describe each of
the four strategies marked A-D in the diagram below and explain the major contrasting implications of each.
[12]
Time
ae periods of supplementary feeding (strategy C)
~———~ gclogical carrying capacily
~~. — livestock numbers under stocking strategies A—D
Question 13
Suppose a paddock of 836ha is to be stocked with 125 small mature weaner calves, 109 Karakul weaner lambs
of 4 months, 136 Boer goat weaner lambs of 4 months and 6 weaner donkey foals of 6 months. It is the start
of the dry season and you estimate that a representative square of 29m x 29m in the paddock contains enough
forage for one LSUday. For how many days of the dry season should these animals be kept in the paddock?
You may refer to information in Table 5.1, Table 5.3 and Table 5.5 on the last three pages.
10)
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TABLE S.1 - LSU equivalents for grazing beef catile/ TABLL 5.1 - GV E-ckwivalenie wr weldende eivisbeeste
Class/ Klas
Mass/ Massa
ME
LSU
GVE
kg
MJ/d
Approximate
number/ LSU
Benaderde
getal /[GVE
Small mature size/ Aleinraam
Bull/ Bul
Cow, non-lactating (3 years)/ Koei, droog (3 jaar)
Cow, non-lactating {mature)/ Koei, droug (volwasse)
Cow, in calf (3 years)/ Koel, dragtig (3 foor)
Cow, in calf (mature)/ Koel, dragtig (volwasse)
Cow, with calf (3 years)/ Xoei, met kalf 3 jacr)
Cow, with calf (mature)/ Koei, met kalf (volwasse)
Weaner calf/ Speenkslf
Steer (58 months)/ Os (18 maande)
Steer {mature)/ Os (volwasse)
Bull/ Bul.
Cow, non-lactating (3 years)/ Xoei, droog (3 jaar)
Cow, non-lactating (matuse)/ Koel, droog (volwasse)
Cow, in calf (3 years)/ Xoei, dragtig (3 jaar)
Cow, in calf (mature)/ Koei, dragtlg (volwasse)
Cow, with calf (3 years)/ Koei, met kalf (3 jaar)
Cow, with calf (mature)/ Xoez, met kaff (volwasse)
Weaner calf} Speenkeif
Steer (18 months)O/s (18 maonde)
Steer (mature)/ Os (volwasse}
600
302,15
1,36
0,73
400
75,57
1,
0,99
500
82,22
1,10
0,91
400
15,51
#01
0,99
500
82,22
1,10
0,9)
‘
400
91,35
1,22
0,62
300
106,30
1,42
0,71
180
33,227 (0,44
2%
300
56,47 0,75
1,33
490
82,22
1,30
0,91
Medium mature size/ Mediumraam
600
450
525
450
525
450
$25
200
350
. 550
103,81
1,38
84,71
1,13
90,52
1,28
84,71
1,13
90,52
1,2)
104,64
1,40
116,27
1,55
39,86 0,53
67,27 0,90
91,38
1,22
0,72
0,89
0,83
0,89
0,83
0,72
0,65
1.8%
Ru
9,82
Large mature size/ Grootraam
Bull/ Bul
.
Cow, non-lactating (3 years)/ Koei, droog (3 jaar)
Cow, norlaciating (mature)/ Koei, droog (volwasse)
Cow, in calf (3 years)/ Koei, dragtig 3 jaar)
Cow, in calf (mature)/ Koei, dragtig (volwasse)
Cow, with calf (3 years)/ Koei, met kalf G jaar)
Cow, with calf (mature)/ Xoei, met kalf (volwasse) -
Weaner calf} Speenkalf
.
Steer 18 (months)/ Os (18 maande)
Steer (mature)/ Os (volwasse)
’ TABLE 5.2 - LSU equivalents for grazing dairy cattle!/ TABEL
Class/ Klos
650
122,08
1.63
500
95,50
1,27.
350
98,83
1,32
500
95,50
1,27
550
98,83
1,32
500
124,57
1,66
575
136,20
1,82
225
48,17
0,64
400
83,39 1,09
585
99,66
1,33
5.2 - GVE-ekwivalense vir weidende melkbeeste!
Mass/ Afassa
ME
LSU
GVE
kg
MJid
0,62
-
0,79
0,76
0,79
0.76
0,60
0,55
1,56
0,92
0,75
Approximate
= number/LSU
Benaderde
getal{GVvE
.
Cow, non-lactating (3 years)/ Koei, droog (3 jaar)
:
Cow, non-lactating (mature)/ Koei. droog (volwasse)
:
Cow, in calf (3 years){ Koei, dragtig (3 jaar)
Cow, in calf (mature)/ Koei, dragtig (volwasse)
:
Cow, non-lactating (3 years)/ Koei, droog (3 jaar)
Cow, non-lactating (mature)/ Koei, droog (volwasse)
Cow, in calf (3 years) Koei, dragtig (3 jaar)
Cow, in calf (mature)/ Koei, dragtig (volwasse)
Jersey
300
60,839
0,81
1,23
420
72,094
0,96
1,04
300
60,839 0,81
1,23
- 420
72,094 0,96
1.04
.
Ayrshire
“400
. 75,873 1,01
0.9
, * 500
, 400
$2,217
1,10
0.91
75,573 1,0!
0.99
300
82.217
1.10
0,91
:
‘
.
Friesland! Fries
Cow, non-lactating (3 years)/ Xoei, droog (3 jaar)
Cow, non-lactating (mature)s Xoei, droog (volwasse) .
Cow, in calf {3 years)/ Koei, drogtig (3 jaar)
:
Cow, in calf (mature)/ Koei, dragrig (volwasse) ©
"500
95,504 1.27
0.79
650
111,967 3,49
0,67
500
95,504 1,27
0,79
650
115,967 1.49
1,67
Method of calculation/ Berekeningswyse
©. Intakes of Jerseys and Ayrshires were derived from the intakes of small mature size cattle//nnames van Jerseys en Ayrshires
is ofgelei van die innames von kleinrcambeeste |
-
e
Intakes of Frieslands were derived from the intakes of large mature size cattle//nnames van Friese is afgelet van die innames
van grootraambeeste
a
® Where
1972)/Waor
masses
massas
among
russen
types did not correspond. for similar
tipes by dieselfde produksiefunksies
production functions
nie oorcengestem het
intakes
aid, is
were scaled through w-75
die innamesyfers relatief
(Graham,
tot W758
(Grokem, 1972) aangepas
.
.
,
1 Milk production systems are largely intensive; consequently only non-lactating and in-calf cows were viewed in the grazing context
- 'Metkproduksiesrelsels is grootliks intensief: dus word slegs die droé en dragtige koeie in die weidingskonteks beskou
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TABLE
TABEL
$.3-LSU equivalents
5.3 - GVE-chwi volente
for
vir
grazing sheep
weidende skape
Class/ Klas
Mais/ Massa
ME
kg /
MJ/d
Lsu
Approximate
GYE — number/LSU
Benaderde
getal{GVE
Raro/ Ram
Ewe,
Ewe,
non-lactating/
pregnant/ Ool,
Ooi, droog
dragtig
Ewe, with lamb/ Oot, set /am
Weaner
Wether
Wether
((l62a--tmtoobootth(h4))//mHHoaanmmtehelsl}(/(2S6-p-tteaaennnddl})am
(4maande)
Ram; Ram -
Ewe, non-lactatinOgo/, droog
WEEweweea,,nerwpirtehlganmalbnatm/b(4/OoOmioo,in,tchrsmae)gt/iigSlpameeniam
Wether
Wether
(2-tooth)/
(6-tooth)/
Hamel (2-tand)
Hamel (6-tand)
(4 moande)
:
Ramj Ram
WWEWEEewewewteteea,h,h,neeerrrwpnirote((hnl62ga---nmttalloobnaaootmttc/bh(ht4)/)O/a/ComotioHiHi,n,aantOmmaghoeedi/smrlt,e}agt/(dt2(ri6-SgJo-tpaoteamagennnddt))lam
‘
(¢maande)
Ram/ Ram
Ewe, non-lactating/ Oot, droog
" WWEWEeweewtetea,h,hneeerrrwpirt((ehl62ga--nttmaloobnaootmtt/bhh(4/))m//OooOinoHH,dtaa,hdmmrseema)l!eg/tti({Sg62lp--aettmeaannnddl))am (4maande)
TABLE
TABEL
$5..44-- GLSVUE-eekqwuiivvealleenntsse
for
vir
grazing goats
weidende bokke
Class/ Xlas
é
:
,
Woolled sheep/ Wolskape
64
47
47
47
20
40
5O
34,49
0,19
10,89
0,13
10,89
0,15
15,01 0,20
7,16
0,10
10,60
0,14
th,29
0,15
eu
6.8
6,89
5,00
10,47
7,07
6,64
Dual-purpose sheep/ Vieiswolskape
10s
65
65
65
25
55
85
18,35 0,25
12,96
0,17
12,56
0,17
18,45 0,25
8,83
0,12
12,76,
0,17
12,76
0,17
4,09
5,79
5,79
4,06
8,49
5,87
5.87
Mutton sheep/ Veisskope
90° 1718 0,23
53
53
11,58
O15
11,58
OIS
53
:
25
16,88
0,23.
8,54 0,12
50
65
11,97
0,16
11,58 ° GIS
4,37
6,48
6,48
4,44
8,78
6.26
6.47
Karakul/ Karakoele
78
.
50
50
50
22
50
60
ISM
0,20
11,39
0,15
11,39
0,55
16,59 0,22
7,85
0,11
12,27
0,16
11,97
0,16
4,96
6,59
6,59
4,52
9,55
6.11
6.25
Mass/ Massa
ME
kg
MJid
LSU ‘ Approximate
GVE — number/LSU
Benaderde
getal /GVE
Ram; Rom
CCWEEEEaawewwwsseeaeett,,,,nrraeattrwwpneeiirottehlhn((ga62-nm--atllbttwnaaooitmoonc}b(ttst4/hh/O)a)o/O/mtiOooo,iiiKXnn,,daaOtgrppohaa/iammsg,ttee)tteezd/irrrSgltopaw((oeme62gee--nlttailannnadgdm)}
(4
—
maande)
-
‘
Boer goets/ Boerbokke
”
65
6s
.
65
23
55
70
16,69
0,22
12,96 0,17
12,96
0,17
18,45 = .0,25
20,31
0,27
8,76
0,32
12,76
017°
12,95
0,17
4,48
5.79
3.79
4,06
3.69
8,55
5,87
5.79
Ramj Ram
Angora goats) Angurabokke
CCEaWaEEwssewwetteea,,r,rnaaettrwpeBeiro-ten(hl(g-6a2nl-m-aatltbncoaottomoa/tbt(thj4hiO))no;O/mgioo/,iKnX,tadoOhprposamaai,e)tgtr/etedrirrgSlo(pa(o2em6-ge-ttnaelnnaddm)) (4magnde)
Method ofcalculation/ Berekeningswyse
49
1118
0.15
33
33
33
7,92
Ol!
7,92
OT
10,85
0.15
Pa
4,52
0,06
3i.
43
. 819
0.0)
10,10
0.14
6,71
9,43
9,43
6,90
16,60
9,17
7.41
(©Wy®v©wGaoWnrrroaWsoIhwhWnoraeteamar(i,kkeGsserwMs‘moaa1almpoh9seafosa7sfskm2as)a,seABnsoneegt1ruo9as7rsm2aBe)oonantaggsaospanelgwtsseeyiprpeaeeswsserdbeedyirdidvdeeirndeiosvteelfdfrcdoeomfrrrpoertmshapedoutnhkidenstiaeikffneotursankkessosifimeisdlofauralnwi-oePporulorlodepuudorcscteeisnohgneseehps.e.tfeepu,nmdcutndiahaoemnnteassm: enisienv,taanvkiasensAdnigeSwooerreiearnhbnuuaskkmckeahlseeexdfeiissrtsahaffrggoereulelgeleihaitievvfWaa?nn+t7wdd5iiee
innames
innames
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TABLE 5.5 - LSU equivalents for grazing horses, snulcs and donkeys
TABELSS- GV Evkwivalente vir weidende perde, muile en dankies
Class} Kes
Mass/ Massa
kg
ME
MJ/d
Lsu
Approximate
‘GVE —— number/L.SU
Benaderde
geal {[GVE
(a) Shetlands
Foal, weaner (6 months)/ Vid, speen (6 maande)
Mare, sor-lactating (3 years)/ Merrie, droog (3 jaar}
Mare, non-Jactating (5 years)/ Mersie, droog (3 jaar)
Mare, with foal (3 years)/ Aferrie, met vul (3 joar}
Mare, with foal (5 years)/ AMferrie, met wal (3 jear)
Stallion or geld:ng (3 years){ Hings of reun (3 jaar)
Stahion or gelding (5 years)/ Hings of reun (3 jaar)
(bd) Larger ponies and donkeys
(6) Groter ponies er: donkies
Foal, weaner (6 months)/ Vull speen (6 maande)
Mare, non-lactating (3 years)/ Merrie, droog G3 jaar)
.
MMaarree,,
Mare,
wniotnh-lafcoat!ati(3ngyea(r5 sy)e/arMse)r/riMee,rrimee,t
with foal (5 years)/ Merrie, met
dvruloog(3 j(e5arj)aar}
vul (J jaar)
Stallion or gelding (3 years)/ Hings of reun (3 jaar}
Stallion or gelding (5 years)/ Hings of reun (3 jaar}
55
19,4
0,26
3,85
10
31,0°> 0,41
2,40
140
29.6
0,40
2,55
110
41,8
0,56
1,80
140
41,5
0,55
1,80
{15
38
0,42
2,35
15¢
30,5
0,41
2,45
125
33,7
0,45
2,25
295
49,6 0,66
1,50
239250
320
4667,,30
00,,8692
64,8 0,86
11,,6100
LIS
355
52,4
0,70
1,45
40
51,2
0,68
1,45
(c} Light horses and mules
(c) Ligte perde en muile
Foal, weaner (6 months)} Sul, Speen (6 maande)
MMaarree,,
nnoonn--llaaccttaattiinngg
(3 years)/ Merrie,
(5 years)/ Merrie,
droog
droog
3 jaar)
(5 jaar}
Mare, with foal (3 years)/ Merrie, met vul (3 faar)
Mare, with foal (5 years)/ Merrie, met vul (5 jaar}
Stallion or gelding (3 years)/ Hings of reun (3 jaar)
Stallion or gelding (3 years)/ Hings of reun (3 jaar)
190
50,4
0,67
1,50
460 -
70,4 0,94
1,05
$00
67,1 0,90
1,10
460
95,0
1,27
0,80
500
94,0
1,25
0,80
490
76,9
1,03
1,00
.
530
72,5 0,97
1,05
(d) Medium draft horses
(d) Medium trekperde
:
Foal, weaner (6 months)/ Vul, speen (6 maande)
Mare, non-lactating (3 years)j Merrie, droog G jaar)
Mare, non-lactating (5 years)! Merrie, droog (5 jear)
Mare, with fual (3 years)/ Merrie, met vul (3 jaar)
Mare, with foal {S years)/ Aferrie, met vul (5 jaar)
Stallion or gelding (3 years)/ Hings of reun (33 jaar)
Stallion of gelding (5 years)/ Hings of reun (3 jaar)
(e} Heavy draft horses
(e) Swear trekperde
.
Foal, weanes (6 months)j Vud, speen (6 maande)
Maze, non-lactating (3 years)/ Aferrie, droog (3 jaar)
Mare, non-lactating {S years)/ Aferrie, droog (5 jaar)
Mare, with foal (3 years)/ Merrie, met vul (3 joar)
Mare, with foal (5 years) Aferrie, met vul (5 joar)
Stallion or gelding (3 years)/ Hings of reun (3 jaar)
Stallion or aclding (5 yeass)/ Hings of reun ( jaar)
.
265
650
705
650
705
. 6%)
750
325
790
860
790
86d
840
915
64,3 0,86
115
90,1
1,20
0,85
88,1
1,18
0.85
121,0
1,63
0,60
124,0
1,65
0,60
99,1
1,32
0,75
96,7 1,29
0,80
79,2
1,06
0.95
123,0
1,53
0.65
106,0
2,41
0,70
152,0 2,03
0,50
149.0
1,99
0,50
120,0
1,60
0,65
114,60
1,52
0,65
“Method of calculation/Berekeningswyse
© Data of Willoughby {1975}
used! Gegewens van Willoughby
and Van
(1975) en
der
Van
Merwe (1970) concerning
der Merwe (1970) vir massa
© Mules and donkeys were grouped, according to mass, with some horse
mass for age.
vit ouderdum,
types/ Muile
intakes and
innames en
en donkies is
nutritional requirements were
voedingshehacftes is gebruik
by sekere perdetipes ingedeet
volgens hul beraamde massas
e Voluntary intakes on natural
pasture
with
an
average
DE
content
.
of 55%
were
predicted
from
the
data
of
Willoughhy
(1975)
and
Van der Merwe (1970)/ Veywillige innomes op veld met-'n gemiddelde VE-inhoud van_55 % is geskat uit syfers van Willoughby (1975)
en Van der Merwe (1970)
‘